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Departamento de Estructura y Función de Proteínas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas and Instituto "Reina Sofía" de Investigaciones Nefrológicas, C.S.I.C., Velázquez, Madrid, Spain.
Correspondence to Dr. Dolores Pérez-Sala or Dr. Santiago Lamas, Departamento de Estructura y Función de Proteínas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, C.S.I.C., Velázquez, 144, 28006 Madrid, Spain. Phone: 34 91 5611800; Fax: 34 91 5627518; E-mail: lperezsala{at}fresno.csic.es or slamas{at}fresno.csic.es
Abstract. Nitric oxide (NO) is emerging as a key regulator of gene
expression, capable of playing either positive or negative roles. The results
of this study indicate that NO exerts a dual effect on cyclooxygenase-2
(COX-2) expression in human mesangial cells (HMC). Treatment of HMC with NO
synthase inhibitors attenuated interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß)/tumor necrosis
factor-
(TNF-
)-elicited COX-2 protein and mRNA expression,
suggesting a positive role of endogenous NO on COX-2 induction. However, NO
donors (sodium nitroprusside [SNP] and
S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine [SNAP]) amplified cytokine-elicited
COX-2 expression at early time points of treatment (up to 8 h for mRNA and up
to 24 h for protein expression), but were inhibitory at later times.
Oligonucleotide decoy experiments confirmed the importance of nuclear factor
B (NF-
B) activation for COX-2 induction by
IL-1ß/TNF-
. Treatment with NG-nitro-L-arginine
methyl ester (L-NAME) did not affect initial activation of NF-
B by
IL-1ß/TNF-
, but unveiled an inhibitory effect of NO generation on
NF-
B activity after 4 h. In HMC supplemented with SNP, cytokine-induced
NF-
B activation was potentiated at early times of induction (5 to 15
min), but inhibited at later times (1 to 4 h), suggesting a dual effect of NO
donors on NF-
B activation. Interestingly, I
B
protein
levels followed a reciprocal pattern of expression: I
B
levels
were lower at early times of induction in NO donor-supplemented cells;
however, after 1 h of treatment, I
B
levels became higher than in
cells treated only with cytokines. In the presence of SNP, cytokine-elicited
I
B
mRNA induction was initially delayed, but was amplified at
later times. These changes in I
B
expression could contribute to
the dual effects of NO donors on NF-
B activation and COX-2 expression
in HMC.
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