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Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Selectively Enhances TNF-—Induced Apoptotic Cell Death in Glomerular Endothelial Cells: Effects on Apoptotic Signaling Pathways

UDO K. MESSMER^*, VERENA A. BRINER and JOSEF PFEILSCHIFTER^*

^* Pharmacenter Frankfurt, Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Department of Medicine, Kantonsspital Luzern, Luzern, Switzerland.

Correspondence to Dr. Josef Pfeilschifter, Klinikum der Johann Wolfang Goethe-Universität, Zentrum der Pharmakologie, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt, Germany. Phone: +49 69 6301 6950; Fax: +49 69 6301 7942; E-mail: Pfeilschifter{at}em.uni-frankfurt.de

Abstract. Endothelial cell damage of glomeruli and kidney arterioles seems to play a pivotal role in several pathologic situations, such as Gram-negative sepsis, glomerulonephritis, and acute renal failure. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) have been identified as potent inducers of apoptotic cell death in bovine glomerular endothelial cells. Both agents elicited apoptotic DNA laddering within 12 to 24 h. Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) was generally described as a protective factor for endothelial cells against radiation-, TNF-—, and UV-light—induced programmed cell death. Therefore, whether bFGF also affects apoptosis of microvascular endothelial cells was questioned. Surprising was that simultaneous treatment of glomerular endothelial cells with bFGF and either LPS or TNF- left LPS-induced death unaffected, whereas TNF-—induced death induction was potentiated, amounting to 48.9 ± 6.3% versus 22.4 ± 4.3% DNA degradation with TNF- alone. Comparably, acidic FGF also selectively potentiated TNF-—induced apoptosis. In mechanistic terms, bFGF synergistically increased TNF-—induced mitochondrial permeability transition, the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria to the cytosol, and upregulation of the proapoptotic protein Bak and significantly enhanced activation of caspase-8 protease activity. In contrast, stress-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor B activation, which represent primary signals of TNF/TNF receptor interaction, downregulation of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-x_L, and caspase-3—like protease activation, were unaffected. As bFGF did not affect LPS-induced apoptotic cell death, bFGF also left LPS-induced Bak upregulation and Bcl-x_L downregulation unaffected. The results point to a selective bFGF-mediated enhancement of distinct proapoptotic pathways induced by TNF- in glomerular endothelial cells.

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Copyright © 2008 by the American Society of Nephrology. Online ISSN: 1533-3450 Print ISSN: 1046-6673