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Henoch-Schönlein Purpura in Adults: Outcome and Prognostic Factors

Evangéline Pillebout^*, Eric Thervet, Gary Hill, Corinne Alberti, Philippe Vanhille^|| and Dominique Nochy^¶

*INSERM U426, Faculté de Médecine X. Bichat, Université Paris 07, Paris, France; Nephrology and Renal Transplant Unit, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France; Nephrology and Renal Transplant Unit, Hôpital Européen George Pompidou, Paris, France; Department of Biostatistics, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France; ^||Nephrology and Renal Transplant, Hôpital de Valenciennes, France; ^¶Pathology Unit, Hôpital Européen George Pompidou, Paris, France.

Correspondence to: Dr. Evangéline Pillebout, INSERM U426, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, 16, rue Henri Huchard BP416, 75870 Paris cedex 18, France. Phone: 33-1-44-85-62-70; Fax: 33-1-42-28-15-64; E-mail: pillebou{at}bichat.inserm.fr

	Abstract

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ABSTRACT. Henoch-Schönlein Purpura nephritis (HSPN) has been extensively studied in children but, its natural history in adults is much less known. A cohort of 250 adults suffering HSP was retrospectively analyzed for a median follow-up period of 14.8 yr. All patients had biopsies consistent with HSP (predominant IgA mesangial deposits) associated with purpura, bowel angina, and/or abdominal pain. At presentation, palpable purpura was present in 96% of patients, and arthritis was reported in 61%, and gastrointestinal involvement in 48%. Thirty-two percent of the patients showed renal insufficiency (Creatinine clearance [CrCl] <50 ml/min), usually associated with proteinuria (99%) and/or hematuria (93%). Endocapillary glomerulonephritis was the most frequent lesion on renal biopsy (61%). At the end of follow-up, patient survival was only 74%. The first cause of death was carcinoma (most of them of respiratory or digestive tract). Regarding renal function, 11% of patients reached end-stage renal failure, 13% exhibited severe renal failure (CrCl <30 ml/min), and 14% moderate renal insufficiency (CrCl <50 ml/min). Clinical remission defined as the absence of proteinuria, hematuria, and a normal renal function was achieved in only 20%. This is a retrospective study; therefore, it is not possible to demonstrate any steroid and/or cyclophosphamide efficacy in diminishing the incidence of renal insufficiency. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that renal function impairment and proteinuria level at presentation and, on renal biopsy, the degree of interstitial fibrosis, percentage of sclerotic glomeruli, and presence of glomeruli with fibrinoid necrosis were associated with a poor renal prognosis. The data indicate that clinical presentation of HSPN in adults is severe and its outcome relatively poor, worse than in children. Identification of clinical and histologic prognostic factors may permit the design of appropriate therapeutic prospective studies.

	Introduction

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Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) is a leukocytoclastic vasculitis involving small vessels with the deposition of immune complexes containing IgA. It is characterized by the association of skin, joint, and gastrointestinal manifestations that may occur in successive episodes (1). In addition to these manifestations, renal involvement is common, and the long-term prognosis depends on its severity.

HSP primarily affects children, and its incidence is approximately 15 cases/100,000 children per yr (2); it is less common in adults. Although HSP has been extensively studied in children, much less is known about its natural history in adults. Apart from a recent multicenter Italian study (3,4), data on this disease in adults are confined to small series with relatively short follow-up (5–15). In adults, however, the incidence of HSP and the severity of its clinical manifestations appear not to be the same as in children.

The incidence of renal involvement in adults varies from 45 to 85% of cases, depending on the data for patients and the definition of renal involvement (16). Among cases of glomerulonephritis, HSP is only responsible for 0.6 to 2% of adult nephropathies (7,13,16). The risk of progression to renal insufficiency, which ranges from 5% (17,18) to 15% (19–21) in children, seems to be much higher in adults, approximately 30% (0 to 50%) (5–15). These differences are probably due to the small size of the series, the presence or absence of renal involvement, and the differences in the duration of follow-up. No study has yet been able to demonstrate the ability of any treatment to prevent progression to renal failure in either children or adults.

We retrospectively analyzed 250 adults suffering from HSP, with biopsy-proven renal involvement. The goal of this study was to describe the clinical, laboratory, and histologic characteristics of this population at presentation. Patient and long-term renal follow-up were analyzed, and prognostic factors identified.

	Materials and Methods

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Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
This was a retrospective study of 250 patients aged 15 yr or more suffering from HSP nephritis. All patients underwent a renal biopsy between 1983 and 2000, in eleven different medical centers. HSP nephritis was suspected when hematuria, proteinuria, and/or renal failure were associated with a characteristic purpuric eruption and/or abdominal or joint pains (at least two of these three clinical signs). Predominant mesangial IgA immune deposits on renal biopsy were required for inclusion in the study. We excluded patients suffering from IgA nephropathy without systemic signs (Berger’s disease), those with other diseases associating nephropathy and purpuric rash, i.e., systemic lupus erythematosus and cryoglobulinemia, and those with thrombocytopenia (<100,000/mm³).

Evaluation
Clinical and Biologic Data.
The characteristics of skin manifestations, gastrointestinal and joint symptoms, and renal involvement were recorded. Hypertension was defined according to World Health Organization criteria.

We recorded the levels of aspartate and alanine amino transferases (ASAT, ALAT), bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, and -glutamyl phosphatase for hepatic disorders. Serum IgA levels were recorded when available.

Renal insufficiency was defined as creatinine clearance (CrCl) <50 ml/min (calculated by Cockroft formula [22]): moderate renal functional impairment as CrCl between 30 and 50 ml/min, and severe renal failure as CrCl 30 ml/min. Proteinuria was defined as proteinuria >0.1 g/d, and nephrotic syndrome as plasma albumin <30 g/L and proteinuria >3 g/d. Hematuria was defined as >10 red cells/mm³ in the urine, and was macroscopic if >1500 red cells/mm³.

Renal Pathology.
All renal biopsies were independently examined by two pathologists blind to clinical features. On immunofluorescence, the predominance of mesangial IgA among glomerular Ig deposits was required. To be adequate, at least ten glomeruli had to be present. We evaluated semiquantitatively: (1) endocapillary lesions and their focal or diffuse distribution; (2) extracapillary proliferation, graded according to the number of glomeruli involved; (3) interstitial fibrosis (% of the parenchyma involved); (4) interstitial cell infiltration, tubular necrosis, and red cell casts, graded from 0 to 3+ depending on the extent of the parenchyma involved; and (5) arteriolar hyalinosis and arteriosclerosis (from 0 to 3+). The proportions of glomeruli involved by crescents, fibrinoid necrosis, and global sclerosis were recorded. All biopsies were then classified according to the following classification:

1. Mesangiopathic glomerulonephritis. Histologically normal glomeruli by light microscopy or minimal mesangial prominence.
   
2. Focal and segmental glomerulonephritis. Segmental endo- and extracapillary proliferation involving less than 50% of the glomeruli. The remaining involved and uninvolved glomeruli were either normal or exhibited minimal mesangial prominence.
   
3. Endocapillary proliferative glomerulonephritis, divided into two subclasses: 3(a), moderate pure endocapillary proliferative lesions; 3(b), severe endocapillary proliferation, possibly with extracapillary proliferation involving less than 50% of the glomeruli.
   
4. Endocapillary and extracapillary glomerulonephritis. Lesions were as above, with crescents involving more than 50% of the glomeruli.
   
5. Fibrotic kidney with global glomerular sclerosis involving more than 50% of glomeruli.
   

Outcome.
We evaluated the outcome of each patient, as of the reference date of July 1, 2000. For patients who died, the cause of death and renal status at death were determined. When patients were lost to follow-up, their renal status at the last visit was recorded. Renal outcome was classified as remission (no renal failure, proteinuria, or hematuria); persistent proteinuria and/or hematuria without renal insufficiency; moderate or severe renal insufficiency as defined above; and end-stage renal failure (ESRF).

Statistical Analyses
Results were expressed as numbers (percentages) for categorical variables and as median (1st to 3rd quartiles: Q1 to Q3) or mean (± SD), as indicated, for continuous variables. Comparisons were based on the ² test for categorical variables and Wilcoxon or Kruskall-Wallis tests for continuous variables. Survival curves from the day of renal biopsy were computed using Kaplan-Meier estimate. A Cox model was fit to evaluate the influence of the following variables on severe renal failure occurrence: age, CrCl, proteinuria level, hematuria, the pathologic classification, the percentages of crescents, necrotic glomeruli, sclerotic glomeruli, interstitial fibrosis, and the use of specific treatments. For model selection, we used stepwise forward selection. All tests were two-tailed, and P < 0.05 was considered significant. Statistical analyses were performed with SAS 6.12 software (SAS Institute, Cary, NC).

	Results

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Extrarenal Presentation
The median age at HSP onset was 50 (range, 15 to 86 yr). At the reference date, the median duration of follow-up was 14.8 (13.1 to 20.8) yr. Male/female ratio was 1.7. In 80 (32%) of our 250 cases, there was a recent history of intercurrent infection, mostly of the upper respiratory tract.

Most patients (96%) had purpura, always localized to the lower limbs. Other parts of the body were sometimes involved, but rarely the face or mucosa (5%). Blisters and hemorrhagic necrotic skin lesions occurred in 35% of the patients. Relapses of purpura were observed in 48%. Most of them only relapsed once, but in rare cases, up to ten times. Arthritis occurred in 61% of the cases, was symmetrical, and the joints most often involved were the knees or the ankles. Gastrointestinal involvement was observed in 120 cases (48%). The main symptom was colicky abdominal pain. Bleeding occurred in 61 cases of gastrointestinal involvement (51%) and was serious, requiring transfusion or surgery or leading to death, in 13 cases (11%). Purpura was the first clinical manifestation in 83% of the cases, arthritis in 9%, and gastrointestinal involvement in 8%. Renal manifestations preceded clinical symptoms in only two patients (4 and 5 mo before, respectively).

We frequently observed mild, usually brief, liver disorders, with evidence of liver cell damage (15%) or cholestasis (87%). Elevated levels of IgA were found in 118 of the 196 patients tested (60%). Positive anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody was found in 4 of the 105 patients tested (3.8%).

Clinical and biologic presentations differed among patients according to age, as shown in Table 1. More patients aged <30 yr had a recent history of intercurrent infection and arthritis than older patients. By contrast, in those aged >60 yr, purpura was much more frequently necrotic, IgA levels were higher, and CrCl was much lower (this last out of proportion to the differences expected on the basis of age).

Almost all of the renal lesions were significantly worse in those aged >60 yr than in those aged <30 yr. This was true not only for vascular lesions and interstitial fibrosis, as might be anticipated, but also for tubular necrosis (0.69 ± 0.80 versus 0.37 ± 0.60; P = 0.015) and particularly for the presence of glomerular fibrinoid necrosis (1.9 ± 3.0 versus 0.7 ± 1.2; P = 0.008).

Outcome
The patient survival curve is shown in Figure 1A. Sixty-four patients (26%) died. Median survival time was 15 yr (range, 13 to 21). The mean age at death was 67.3 ± 1.5 yr. The most frequent cause of death was neoplasia in 17 patients (27% of deaths), involving lung in nine patients and upper respiratory and digestive tracts in five. Eleven of the seventeen patients dying of cancer never received any immunosuppressive treatment, four had been treated by corticosteroids alone, and two by corticosteroids associated with cyclophosphamide (P > 0.05). They thus did not differ significantly from the remaining patients as regards treatment. The mean delay between renal biopsy and death was 42 ± 7 mo (range, 5 to 118 mo).

View larger version (16K): [in this window] [in a new window] [as a PowerPoint slide]   Figure 1. (A) Estimated Kaplan-Meier survival time after diagnosis of Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) and its 95% confidence interval (CI): median, 178 mo (95% CI, 157 mo to not determined). (B) Estimated Kaplan-Meier time to occurrence of end-stage renal failure (ESRF) after diagnosis of HSP and its 95% (CI): median, 246 mo (95% CI, 189 mo to not determined). Analysis is somewhat hampered by the limited numbers of patients after 180 mo.

The renal survival curve is shown in Figure 1B. Twenty-seven patients (11%) developed ESRF. Those who went into ESRF tended to do so rather rapidly, 13 (48%) of 27 by 3 yr, and all but 2 of 27 patients by 10 yr. Twenty-five patients were dialyzed, and 12 were renal transplant recipients. None of these recipients lost their graft because of a relapse of HSP. Thirty-two patients (13%) had severe renal failure, and 35 (14%) had moderate renal insufficiency. In all, 94 (38%) of the 250 patients exhibited significant renal insufficiency.

At the end of the follow-up, only 20% of the patients were in clinical remission. Among the other patients, 50% had microscopic hematuria (isolated in 30 cases), 47% had minimal or moderate proteinuria, and 8% had nephrotic-range proteinuria. Thirty-eight patients (15%) were lost to follow-up after a median of 1.8 yr (range, 0.9 to 4.1). Seven of them were in clinical remission at the time of their last examination.

Therapy
Therapy was administered to 140 patients (56%). Steroids alone were given to 93 (37%), associated with cyclophosphamide to 47 (19%), and cyclophosphamide alone to only one patient. Levels of proteinuria (1.7 ± 0.2 g/24 h versus 3.7 ± 0.3; P < 0.0001) and creatinine (125.4 ± 9.3 µmol/L versus 154.7 ± 12.6; P = 0.05) were significantly higher in the treated group of patients. Treatments differed according to the glomerular classification. The worse the lesion, the greater the probability that the patient would be treated and that the treatment would be steroids combined with cyclophosphamide (Figure 2; P < 0.0002). Seventy-five patients received converting enzyme inhibitors and/or angiotensin II receptor blockers. There were no differences between patients and regarding outcome between the patients receiving these agents and other patients.

View larger version (30K): [in this window] [in a new window] [as a PowerPoint slide]   Figure 2. Number of patients with severe renal failure at the end of follow-up, according to their glomerular classification (classes 1, 2, 3a, 3b, 4, and 5) and the treatment received. n = 250 patients with Schönlein-Henoch nephritis. , no treatment; , corticosteroids alone; , corticosteroids + cyclophosphamide.

Univariate analysis failed to demonstrate any benefit of treatment on renal function, but the administration of treatment was frequently associated with both clinical and histologic risk factors for renal failure (Figure 2). Of the 59 patients with severe renal failure or ESRF at outcome, 20 (34%) were not treated, 24 (41%) received steroids alone, and 15 (25%) received steroids combined with cyclophosphamide. Of the 110 patients not treated, 18% had severe renal failure at the end of follow-up, 16% had moderately impaired renal function, and 66% had normal renal function. Of the 93 patients treated with steroids alone, 26% had severe renal failure at the end of follow-up, 11% had moderately impaired renal function, and 63% had normal renal function. Of the 47 patients treated with steroids and cyclophosphamide, 32% had severe renal failure at the end of follow-up, 8% had moderately impaired renal function, and 60% had normal renal function.

Multivariate Analyses.
As shown in Table 5, creatinine and proteinuria levels at the time of renal biopsy and the proportions of interstitial fibrosis, glomerular fibrinoid necrosis, and glomerular sclerosis were found to be independent risk factors for severe renal failure.

	Discussion

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion References

Our study extends the findings of previous studies (4–14,15) conducted in smaller series. The patients in our population were roughly comparable to those previously described by others, but they were older on average, and more of them were hypertensive. Note, however, that the World Health Organization has recently lowered the measures that define hypertension (23).

We show here that the presentation of HSP differs significantly with age, as older patients exhibited much more severe renal and extrarenal manifestations than younger patients. Coppo et al. (3) has shown that children differ from adults by more frequent joint manifestations, and that this difference persists in adulthood, with decreasing joint manifestations as patients age, a finding that our study confirms and extends (Table 1). All the studies of children (24–26) show that cutaneous necrosis is uncommon and affects fewer than 5% of cases. In our adult patients, by contrast, necrotic purpura was much more common and became increasingly so with age.

Pathologically, we found that 8% of patients had endocapillary and extracapillary proliferative glomerulonephritis (class 4), which is within the previously described range (3 to 23%) (4). This great disparity in histologic severity is probably due to different indications for renal biopsy in different countries. Furthermore, numerous studies were performed before the International Study of Kidney Disease in Children classification was instituted, and precise data regarding the pathology were not always available.

In our series, mortality was high and was in most cases secondary to neoplasia. Cancer was the leading cause of mortality, accounting for 27% of deaths, a frequency far higher than that for cardiovascular disease (9%), the leading cause of death in the general population. This was not correlated with the use of immunosuppressive treatment; in fact, 8 of 17 patients either had their cancers or precursor conditions, such as emphysema, at the time of diagnosis of HSP. Furthermore, these cancers were more likely to be neoplasms of the lung (14%) and of the upper respiratory and digestive tracts (8%), than those occurring in general French population (4 and 2% respectively) (27). To our best knowledge, this high proportion of deaths related to cancer has never been described in prior cohort studies of HSP nephritis. Most of the neoplasms in our patients involved the upper respiratory and digestive tracts, whose mucosa secrete IgA. It is of interest that the pathophysiology of HSP has been attributed to abnormal IgA clearance (28,29). Here, however, we found no evidence for a possible paraneoplastic origin of HSP. The proportion of alcohol and tobacco abusers in our population was quite high (more than 10%); therefore, it might follow that HSP is most often found in this setting, a possibility that would also favor the development of neoplasms (30).

The renal prognosis for our series was poor, because nearly 25% of patients reached renal insufficiency. Other studies have shown better renal outcome. However, our study and that of Fogazzi et al. (14) are the only ones to have a long follow-up. This may explain the even poorer renal prognosis reported by the latter authors (renal insufficiency in almost 50% of cases). In this respect, HSP nephropathy may resemble IgA nephropathy. Many authors indeed had initially reported a favorable outcome for IgA nephropathy until the point in time when follow-up was long enough to enable them to conclude that end-stage renal disease was a frequent complication (31–35).

We were able to identify several risk factors for severe renal failure. As in other studies, extrarenal clinical manifestations and gender did not affect the renal prognosis. Age, the presence of macroscopic hematuria, initial renal insufficiency, and proteinuria >1 g/24 h were found by univariate analysis to be prognostic factors for a decline in renal function; by multivariate analysis, however, only initial renal insufficiency and proteinuria were associated with renal insufficiency. Regarding macroscopic hematuria, HSP nephropathy therefore differs from IgA nephropathy, as several authors have shown that macroscopic hematuria is associated with better long-term renal function (36,37). However, other authors (38,39) have shown that episodes of macroscopic hematuria are frequently associated with acute renal failure during IgA nephropathy. In our patients, these episodes were frequently associated with acute renal failure, possibly because of the tubular necrosis associated with macroscopic hematuria (P = 0.00012). This, in turn, may be responsible for the association of macroscopic hematuria with chronic renal failure seen on univariate analysis (Table 4). By contrast, contrary to the general impression, macroscopic hematuria was not correlated with the number of crescents.

In agreement with previous studies (3), we show here that the degree of proteinuria is a significant prognostic factor. As far as we know, no other study has demonstrated the role of initial renal function. Some authors (20) have shown that the presence of a high percentage of crescents has an unfavorable effect, but this was not confirmed by others (3,12) or by our own study. Similarly, we found that no single class of glomerular lesions has a prognostic value by multivariate analysis. Among the acute lesions considered, the only histologic variable that was an independent prognostic factor was the presence of glomerular fibrinoid necrosis. By contrast, we demonstrate that chronicity factors, such as the percentage of interstitial fibrosis and of global sclerotic glomeruli, are unfavorable risk factors. These variables are usually described in other glomerulonephritis, particularly IgA nephropathy (32,35,40,41).

As to the efficacy of specific treatments by steroids alone or combined with cyclophosphamide, it is difficult to draw any conclusions; their efficacy in reducing the incidence of severe renal insufficiency could not be demonstrated. On univariate analysis, steroids even seem to worsen the course of renal evolution. As in most previous retrospective studies of HSP nephropathy, the limitation of the present investigation was that the distribution of established renal risk factors was different in treated versus untreated patients. No study has so far been able to demonstrate the efficacy of treatment of this nephropathy in adults. The importance of irreversible histologic lesions, such as interstitial fibrosis and glomerular sclerosis, as indices of poor prognosis makes the efficacy of treatment doubtful. Nevertheless, the prognostic value of glomerular fibrinoid necrosis provides some hope of improvement with steroids. The results of pediatric therapeutic studies (42–44), even though none was prospective and randomized against placebo, were mostly positive.

In conclusion, although earlier small series have suggested a relatively poor prognosis in HSP in adults as compared with children, this is the first large study with long follow-up to confirm and refine this impression. It further identifies independent prognostic factors, such as initial renal failure, the level of proteinuria, and the histologic quantification of interstitial fibrosis and glomerular sclerosis. Because of the retrospective nature of this study and despite the absence of positive impact of corticosteroids and cyclophosphamide treatment, we cannot definitely reject such treatments until their failure to benefit is confirmed in a placebo-controlled clinical trial with randomized treatment allocation.

	Acknowledgments

 
We are grateful to the following pathologists, who provided listings of the HSP nephropathy patients and slides of their renal biopsy: Hélène Beaufils (Hopital Pitié Salpétrière, Paris, France), Dominique Droz (Hopital St Louis, Paris, France), Béatrice Mougenot (Hopital Tenon, Paris, France), and FrancineWalker (Hopital Bichat, Paris, France). We are also grateful to the following clinicians from Internal Medicine Services or from the Groupe d’Etudes Néphrologiques d’Ile de France (GENIF) for their cooperation: Valérie Caudwell and Olivier Kourilsky (Hopital d’Evry, Evry, France), Dominique Chauveau, Philippe Lesavre and Jean Pierre Grünfeld (Hopital Necker, Paris, France), Michel Delahousse (Hopital Foch, Suresnes, France), Gilbert Deray (Hopital Pitié Salpetrière, Paris, France), Christian Jacquot and Jean Bariéty (Hopital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France), Henri Kreiss (Hopital Necker, Paris, France), Frank Martinez and Christophe Legendre (Hopital St Louis, Paris, France), Luc Moulonguet (Hopital A. Paré, Boulogne, France), Jean Charles Piette (Hopital Pitié Salpetrière, Paris, France), Eric Rondeau and Jean Daniel Sraer (Hopital Tenon, Paris, France), Jérome Rossert and Pierre Ronco (Hopital Tenon, Paris, France), and François Vrtovsnik and Françoise Mignon (Hopital Bichat, Paris, France).

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