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DISEASE OF THE MONTH
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Metabolic Alkalosis

JOHN H. GALLA
JASN February 2000, 11 (2) 369-375; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.V112369
JOHN H. GALLA
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    Table 1

    . Etiologies of metabolic alkalosis

    Chloride depletion
    • gastric losses: vomiting, mechanical drainage, bulimia

    • chloruretic diuretics: bumetanide, chlorothiazide, metolazone, etc.

    • diarrheal states: villous adenoma, congenital chloridorrhea

    • posthypercapneic state

    • dietary chloride deprivation with base loading: chloride-deficient infant formulas

    • gastrocystoplasty

    • cystic fibrosis (high sweat chloride)

    Potassium depletion/mineralocorticoid excess
    • primary aldosteronism: adenoma, idiopathic, hyperplasia, renin-responsive, glucocorticoid-suppressible, carcinoma

    • apparent mineralocorticoid excess

      • primary deoxycorticosterone excess: 11β- and 17α-hydroxylase deficiencies

      • drugs: licorice (glycyrrhizic acid) as a confection or flavoring, carbenoxolone

      • Liddle syndrome

    • secondary aldosteronism

      • adrenal corticosteroid excess: primary, secondary, exogenous

      • severe hypertension: malignant, accelerated, renovascular

      • hemangiopericytoma, nephroblastoma, renal cell carcinoma

    • Bartter and Gitelman syndromes and their variants

    • laxative abuse, clay ingestion

    Hypercalcemic states
    • hypercalcemia of malignancy

    • acute or chronic milk-alkali syndrome

    Other
    • carbenicillin, ampicillin, penicillin

    • bicarbonate ingestion: massive or with renal insufficiency

    • recovery from starvation

    • hypoalbuminemia

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Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: 11 (2)
Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
Vol. 11, Issue 2
1 Feb 2000
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Metabolic Alkalosis
JOHN H. GALLA
JASN Feb 2000, 11 (2) 369-375; DOI: 10.1681/ASN.V112369

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Metabolic Alkalosis
JOHN H. GALLA
JASN Feb 2000, 11 (2) 369-375; DOI: 10.1681/ASN.V112369
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  • Article
    • Classification and Definitions
    • Pathophysiology of Chloride-Depletion Alkaloses
    • Pathophysiology: Potassium Depletion/Mineralocorticoid Excess Alkalosis
    • Pathophysiology: Miscellaneous
    • Clinical and Diagnostic Aspects
    • Correction
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More in this TOC Section

  • Exercise in the End-Stage Renal Disease Population
  • Nephronophthisis-Associated Ciliopathies
  • Lipoprotein Metabolism and Lipid Management in Chronic Kidney Disease
Show more DISEASE OF THE MONTH

Cited By...

  • Acquired pyloric stenosis resulting in hypokalaemic, hyperchloraemic normal anion gap metabolic acidosis. Persistent vomiting in an adult: cause and effect
  • Case 1: Recurrent Apneic Episodes in a 6-week-old Infant
  • The Cap1-claudin-4 regulatory pathway is important for renal chloride reabsorption and blood pressure regulation
  • Defining obesity hypoventilation syndrome
  • A clinical approach to paediatric acid-base disorders
  • Life-threatening metabolic alkalosis in Pendred syndrome
  • Acid-Base Disturbances in Gastrointestinal Disease
  • An Arginine Residue in the Pore Region Is a Key Determinant of Chloride Dependence in Cardiac Pacemaker Channels
  • TRPM8 Activation by Menthol, Icilin, and Cold Is Differentially Modulated by Intracellular pH
  • A case of reduced consciousness and hypoventilation
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