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Chloride depletion gastric losses: vomiting, mechanical drainage, bulimia
chloruretic diuretics: bumetanide, chlorothiazide, metolazone, etc.
diarrheal states: villous adenoma, congenital chloridorrhea
posthypercapneic state
dietary chloride deprivation with base loading: chloride-deficient infant formulas
gastrocystoplasty
cystic fibrosis (high sweat chloride)
Potassium depletion/mineralocorticoid excess primary aldosteronism: adenoma, idiopathic, hyperplasia, renin-responsive, glucocorticoid-suppressible, carcinoma
apparent mineralocorticoid excess
primary deoxycorticosterone excess: 11β- and 17α-hydroxylase deficiencies
drugs: licorice (glycyrrhizic acid) as a confection or flavoring, carbenoxolone
Liddle syndrome
secondary aldosteronism
adrenal corticosteroid excess: primary, secondary, exogenous
severe hypertension: malignant, accelerated, renovascular
hemangiopericytoma, nephroblastoma, renal cell carcinoma
Bartter and Gitelman syndromes and their variants
laxative abuse, clay ingestion
Hypercalcemic states hypercalcemia of malignancy
acute or chronic milk-alkali syndrome
Other carbenicillin, ampicillin, penicillin
bicarbonate ingestion: massive or with renal insufficiency
recovery from starvation
hypoalbuminemia
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