Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Summary of studies in the literature examining 24-h albumin excretion in mouse models of diabetes (#, reference number). For each study, a pair of bars represent mean ± SE. On the left, 24-hr albumin excretion in the diabetic cohort; on the right, the nondiabetic cohort. From left to right are albuminuria in C57BL/6 mice treated with multiple low-dose streptozotocin (STZ); C57BL6 high-dose STZ; C57BL6 db/db mice, a model of type 2 diabetes; four studies measuring albuminuria in the C57BLKS db/db strain show generally higher albuminuria; a single study examining 24-h albuminuria in the KK-Ay strain shows robust albuminuria.
Tables
Mouse Model (Reference No.) Strains Reported (Reference No.) DiabeticType Advantages Disadvantages Streptozotocin (71,81,146,228–232) C57BL/6J, C57BLKS, Balb/c, ICR, DBA2, ROP Type 1 Well established, reproducible timing; may be established in strains both resistant and susceptible to DN Potential for nonspecific toxicity; strain-dependent dosing necessary; biohazard: potential mutagen Encephalomyocarditis virus D variant (153,233,234) DBA, Balb-C Type 1 May reproduce viral causes of type 1 diabetes in humans; DBA may be prone to DN Potential for nonspecific renal effects; strain-dependent dosing necessary; biohazard; not widely studied; renal functional effects not characterized Ins2 Akita (84,88,89) C57BL/6, C3H Type 1 Commercially available (JAX); autosomal dominant mutation Presently only C57BL/6 commercially available; C57BL/6 relatively resistant to nephropathy; hyper-glycemia in females is mild NOD (101,102,235,236) Inbred line derived from ICR (outbred line) Type 1 Spontaneous development of β-cell failure may mimic pathophysiology of disease in humans (99); commercially available Unpredictable timing of development of diabetes; no appropriate control strain; needs insulin therapy to survive long periods; multigenic-cause diabetes precludes easy intercrosses Db/db (22,134) C57BL/6, C57BLKS, DBA, FVB (129), CBA (237) Type 2 Available on multiple strains; commercially available Infertile; autosomal recessive; mutation in leptin receptor is a very rare cause of obesity and type 2 diabetes in humans Ob/ob (21) C57BL/6 (238), FVB/N (238), DBA2 (239,240) Type 2 Exists on diverse inbred strains; nephropathy uncharacterized; commercially available Infertility—can be circumvented with leptin; autosomal recessive; nephropathy uncharacterized; mutation of leptin is a very rare cause of obesity and type 2 diabetes in humans Agouti (Ay) KK (170,241,242), C57BL (243), C3H (243), FVB (244) Type 2 KK strain is susceptible to renal injury with significant albuminuria; autosomal dominant; commercially available Hyperglycemia moderate in males more than in females; onset of diabetes is not well defined; nephropathy may not be robust in strains other than KK High-fat diet (112) C57BL/6 is main susceptible strain (245) Type 2 Onset can be determined by the investigator Only C57BL/6 reported as susceptible; hyperglycemia not prominent ↵a DN, diabetic nephropathy.
Mouse Models of Diabetic Nephropathy
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- Article
- Abstract
- Working Definition of DN
- Characterization of DN in Mice
- Assessment of Hyperglycemia in Mice
- Assessment of Renal Function in Mice
- Models of Type 1 Diabetes
- Mouse Models of Type 2 Diabetes
- Inbred Mice: Strain Dependence of DN
- Monogenic Mutations and Transgenic Mice
- Conclusions
- Acknowledgments
- References
- Figures & Data Supps
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