Skip to main content

Main menu

  • Home
  • Content
    • Published Ahead of Print
    • Current Issue
    • Subject Collections
    • JASN Podcasts
    • Archives
    • Saved Searches
    • ASN Meeting Abstracts
  • Authors
    • Submit a Manuscript
    • Author Resources
  • Editorial Team
  • Subscriptions
  • More
    • About JASN
    • Alerts
    • Advertising
    • Editorial Fellowship Program
    • Feedback
    • Reprints
    • Impact Factor
  • ASN Kidney News
  • Other
    • CJASN
    • Kidney360
    • Kidney News Online
    • American Society of Nephrology

User menu

  • Subscribe
  • My alerts
  • Log in
  • My Cart

Search

  • Advanced search
American Society of Nephrology
  • Other
    • CJASN
    • Kidney360
    • Kidney News Online
    • American Society of Nephrology
  • Subscribe
  • My alerts
  • Log in
  • My Cart
Advertisement
American Society of Nephrology

Advanced Search

  • Home
  • Content
    • Published Ahead of Print
    • Current Issue
    • Subject Collections
    • JASN Podcasts
    • Archives
    • Saved Searches
    • ASN Meeting Abstracts
  • Authors
    • Submit a Manuscript
    • Author Resources
  • Editorial Team
  • Subscriptions
  • More
    • About JASN
    • Alerts
    • Advertising
    • Editorial Fellowship Program
    • Feedback
    • Reprints
    • Impact Factor
  • ASN Kidney News
  • Follow JASN on Twitter
  • Visit ASN on Facebook
  • Follow JASN on RSS
  • Community Forum
Clinical Dialysis
You have accessRestricted Access

Superiority of Icodextrin Compared with 4.25% Dextrose for Peritoneal Ultrafiltration

Fredric Finkelstein, Helen Healy, Ali Abu-Alfa, Suhail Ahmad, Fiona Brown, Todd Gehr, Kevin Nash, Michael Sorkin, Salim Mujais and ; on behalf of the Icodextrin High Transporter Trial Group
JASN February 2005, 16 (2) 546-554; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2004090793
Fredric Finkelstein
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Helen Healy
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Ali Abu-Alfa
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Suhail Ahmad
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Fiona Brown
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Todd Gehr
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Kevin Nash
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Michael Sorkin
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Salim Mujais
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • Article
  • Figures & Data Supps
  • Info & Metrics
  • View PDF
Loading

Abstract

Several clinical observations suggest the superiority of icodextrin compared with 4.25% dextrose in optimizing peritoneal ultrafiltration (UF), but no rigorous controlled evaluation has hitherto been performed. For comparing icodextrin and 4.25% dextrose during the long dwell of automated peritoneal dialysis, a multicenter, randomized, double-blind trial was conducted in 92 patients (control, 45; icodextrin, 47) with 4-h dialysate to plasma ratio creatinine >0.70 and D/D0 glucose <0.34. Long-dwell net UF and the UF efficiency ratio (net UF volume per gram of dialysate carbohydrate absorbed) were determined at baseline, week 1, and week 2. The control and treatment groups were comparable at baseline (all patients using 4.25% dextrose for the long dwell) with regard to mean (±SEM) net UF (201.7 ± 103.1 versus 141.6 ± 75.4 ml, respectively; P = 0.637) and the percentage of patients with negative net UF (control, 37.8%; treatment, 42.6%; P = 0.641). During the study period, net UF was unchanged from baseline in the control group but increased significantly (P < 0.001) in the icodextrin group from 141.6 ± 75.4 to 505.8 ± 46.8 ml at week 1 and 540.2 ± 46.8 ml at week 2. In the icodextrin group, the incidence of negative net UF was significantly lower (P < 0.0001) than in the control group. Findings were similar for UF efficiency ratio. Rash was reported significantly more often in the icodextrin group. This study showed that in high-average and high transporters, icodextrin is superior to 4.25% dextrose for long-dwell fluid and solute removal.

The availability of an icodextrin-based dialysis solution has been a major advance in fluid management for patients who are on peritoneal dialysis (PD) (1). This novel solution addresses one of the critical areas of vulnerability in fluid management in patients on PD: maintaining adequate ultrafiltration (UF) during the long dwell, particularly in those with high peritoneal transport characteristics (2). This is particularly important because the percentage of PD patients who are maintained on cycler therapy with extended long dwells has grown considerably over the past several years (3). With glucose-based solutions, the prevalence of negative UF during the long dwell is high (1). This therapeutic failure with glucose-based solutions increases the requirements for enhanced UF in the cycler-based nocturnal component of the therapy, resulting in the use of higher glucose tonicities and consequently greater glucose exposure. The use of icodextrin allows continued UF during the long dwell, thus abrogating the lost therapeutic opportunity and preserving the logistic simplification of the therapy.

The addition of icodextrin to the PD solution armamentarium is particularly relevant in light of the recent focus on fluid management as a key component of PD adequacy (2,4). Several observations (2) relate the level of fluid management with patient survival, incidence of morbidity, and preservation of residual renal function. Recently, the European Automated PD (APD) Outcome Study showed that greater UF at baseline was a predictor of improved patient survival (5). Current expert opinion (2,6) also reinforces the need to consider fluid management as a primordial focus of adequate dialytic therapy. Controlled clinical trials have demonstrated the superiority of icodextrin in effecting UF during the long dwells of both continuous ambulatory PD (CAPD) and APD compared with dextrose solutions of low (1.5%) and intermediate (2.5%) tonicity (1). Recent studies also provide evidence of icodextrin’s favorable effects on left ventricular hypertrophy (7), measures of fluid balance (8,9), and peritoneal membrane function (10).

Inadequate fluid removal during the long dwell with dextrose-based PD solutions is particularly common in patients with high-average or high peritoneal transport characteristics (11). Several clinical observations suggest that icodextrin is superior to 4.25% dextrose in these patients. Although no controlled comparative trials have been conducted to support this hypothesis, icodextrin has been shown to improve long-dwell UF in patients who have experienced UF failure and were unable to achieve adequate fluid removal using 4.25% dextrose (12,13). It is widely recognized that patients with UF failure often have a high transport status (11). Furthermore, modeled UF profiles provide support for the hypothesis that icodextrin provides superior long-dwell net UF compared with 4.25% dextrose in high-average/high transport patients (14). These observations provided the basis for the recommendation of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis that icodextrin be the preferred therapy for UF failure (4). The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the response to icodextrin in comparison with 4.25% dextrose during the long dwell in patients with high-average or high peritoneal transport characteristics in a structured setting with a rigorous experimental design.

Materials and Methods

Study Design

Dialysis centers in the United States and Australia participated in this multicenter, prospective, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group comparison of icodextrin and 4.25% dextrose in patients who were on APD and had high-average to high peritoneal transport characteristics. The target for enrollment was 100 patients, which was required to establish a difference between treatments of at least 150 to 175 ml. The study was initiated on July 1, 2001, and completed on October 11, 2003.

The design of the study included a 6- to 14-d screening period, which was followed by a 2-wk treatment period (Figure 1). The screening period was used to determine eligibility for study participation, to obtain informed consent, and to perform the screening peritoneal equilibration test (PET). All patients who met the entrance criteria used 4.25% dextrose for the long dwell at least 3 d before the baseline visit. At the baseline visit, patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive either 7.5% icodextrin (Extraneal; Baxter, McGaw Park, IL) or a control solution of 4.25% dextrose (Dianeal PD-2; Baxter) for the long dwell using a centrally maintained randomization list. Blinding of study group assignments was accomplished by use of identical solution bags. Fill volume (2.0 to 2.5 L) was based on the patient’s prestudy long-dwell prescription and was not varied during the study. Prescriptions for the short nighttime exchanges were identical to those used before the study. Although the duration of the long dwell could vary between 12 and 16 h to accommodate individual daily schedules, it was controlled to within 14 to 16 h on the baseline, week 1, and week 2 assessment days. The use of concurrent medications (including antihypertensive medications) was not restricted. Dose, frequency, and reason for use were recorded. After completion of the week 2 visit, patients resumed therapy with their prestudy prescription. The study protocol was approved by the institutional review board or ethics committee at each center.

Figure 1.
  • Download figure
  • Open in new tab
  • Download powerpoint
Figure 1.

Summary of study design. Values indicate days between visits.

Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria

The principal inclusion criterion was peritoneal membrane transport characteristics in the high-average or high category (4-h dialysate to plasma ratio [D/P] creatinine >0.70 and 4-h D/D0 glucose <0.34), based on the results of the screening PET. To be eligible for study participation, patients had to be at least 18 yr of age, receiving treatment with APD using the HomeChoice (Baxter) or HomeChoice PRO (Baxter) cycler for at least 30 d before the baseline visit, stable on their PD prescription before the screening visit, using an APD prescription for at least 3 d before the baseline visit that included a long-dwell exchange with duration of 12 to 16 h and fill volume of 2.0 to 2.5 L of a 4.25% dextrose solution (Dianeal PD-2 or PD-4; Baxter), in stable health and able to tolerate a 12- to 16-h long dwell, and free from peritonitis for at least 45 d before the use of study solution.

Clinical and Laboratory Evaluations

The primary measure of efficacy was net UF during the long dwell (drain volume minus last bag fill volume). Secondary measures of efficacy included the UF efficiency ratio (UFE), defined as net UF volume (mL) per gram of carbohydrate absorbed from the long-dwell dialysate; long-dwell peritoneal creatinine and urea clearances; drained body weight; and 24-h ambulatory BP measurements.

Assessments at baseline, week 1, and week 2 included drain volume and levels of icodextrin, glucose, creatinine, and urea in the dialysate drained from the long dwell; physical examination (baseline and week 2 only); vital signs; drained body weight; 24-h ambulatory BP measurements; laboratory analyses; and treatment compliance (week 1 and week 2 only). Twenty-four-hour ambulatory BP measurements were obtained using a noninvasive oscillometric ambulatory BP monitor (SpaceLabs Medical, model 90207; Issaquah, WA). Blood for chemistry and hematology evaluations was analyzed by Quintiles Laboratories (Atlanta, GA, for US sites or Singapore for Australian sites).

The PET was conducted by the procedure of Twardowski et al. (15). The D/P creatinine was calculated as the ratio of dialysis creatinine level at 4 h to plasma creatinine level at 2 h. The D/D0 glucose was calculated as the ratio of the dialysate glucose level at 4 h to the dialysate glucose level at time 0. The UFE was determined by dividing net UF volume (ml) by the number of grams of carbohydrate absorbed from the dialysate. The amount of carbohydrate absorbed was determined by the difference in glucose or icodextrin content between drained and infused dialysate. When net UF was negative (<0), UFE was entered in the database as 0.

Statistical Analyses

Analyses of primary and secondary efficacy variables and safety variables were conducted in the intention-to-treat population (all patients who were randomized to treatment and received at least one exchange of study solution). A repeated-measures analysis of covariance was used to evaluate differences between treatment groups for the primary and secondary efficacy variables. The model included the main effect of treatment, random subject (patient) effect within treatment, visit effect (repeated measures), and baseline as a covariate. A general linear model was used to analyze other continuous variables at each visit and included the main effect of treatment. Baseline values, when available, were used as a covariate. Correlation analysis and its test of significance were used to evaluate the relationship between net UF and baseline peritoneal transport status for each group. A Pearson χ2 test was used to analyze differences in categorical variables between the two treatment groups at each time point. Fisher exact test was used when >20% of the cells had fewer than five expected counts.

The test of the difference between the two treatment groups (treatment effect) was conducted at α = 5%. All analyses were performed using SAS software, version 8 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC). For each efficacy variable, values were reported as mean ± SEM.

Results

Baseline Characteristics and Disposition

The baseline characteristics of the study population are shown in Tables 1 and 2. The two study groups were identical with regard to demographic variables, medical and renal disease history, peritoneal solute transport characteristics, and dialysis vintage.

View this table:
  • View inline
  • View popup
Table 1.

Patient characteristics at baselinea

View this table:
  • View inline
  • View popup
Table 2.

Peritoneal transport characteristics by PET at baselinea

Baseline PD prescriptions were not statistically different between the control and icodextrin groups, respectively, for total cycler therapy volume (11.67 ± 0.45 versus 11.13 ± 0.44 L), total cycler therapy time (8.93 ± 0.14 versus 9.06 ± 0.14 h), fill volume per exchange (2.43 ± 0.06 versus 2.35 ± 0.05 L), or average cycler dextrose concentration excluding the long dwell (2.38 ± 0.11 versus 2.41 ± 0.09%). Chemistry and hematology measures, physical findings, vital signs, and incidence of preexisting adverse events also were not statistically different between study groups.

A total of 92 patients (control, 45; icodextrin, 47) were enrolled in the study, and 85 (control, 42; icodextrin, 43) completed both the week 1 and the week 2 study visits. Seven patients (control, 3; icodextrin, 4) discontinued the study because of adverse events.

UF Response

The UF response during the long dwell was the primary outcome measure of this trial. The conditions under which the long-dwell UF response was measured were not different between groups or at different time points. Mean long-dwell duration in the control and icodextrin groups, respectively, was 855.2 ± 6.47 versus 850.7 ± 7.19 min (P = 0.647) at baseline, 853.9 ± 6.05 versus 843.5 ± 7.60 min (P = 0.291) at week 1, and 843.7 ± 11.80 versus 850.9 ± 7.34 min (P = 0.605) at week 2. Mean long-dwell infusion volume was 2.18 ± 0.04 versus 2.15 ± 0.03 L (P = 0.603) at baseline, 2.19 ± 0.04 versus 2.12 ± 0.03 L (P = 0.173) at week 1, and 2.19 ± 0.04 versus 2.12 ± 0.03 L (P = 0.181) at week 2.

At baseline (when all patients used 4.25% dextrose for the long dwell), long-dwell net UF was comparable between the control and icodextrin groups (201.7 ± 103.1 versus 141.6 ± 75.4 ml, respectively; P = 0.637). The percentage of patients with negative net UF at baseline was also comparable between treatment groups (control, 37.8%; icodextrin, 42.6%; P = 0.641).

The long-dwell UF response was evaluated at week 1 and week 2 after randomization. During the treatment period, net UF was unchanged from baseline in the 4.25% dextrose group, whereas icodextrin patients experienced statistically significant improvements in net UF at week 1 and week 2 (505.8 ± 46.8 and 540.2 ± 46.8 ml, respectively; P < 0.001; Figure 2). Mean change in net UF from baseline in the control and icodextrin groups, respectively, were −1.12 ± 60.5 versus 376.6 ± 76.6 ml (P < 0.001) at week 1 and −6.98 ± 57.2 versus 401.6 ± 79.0 ml (P < 0.001) at week 2. The percentage of patients with negative net UF was significantly greater in the 4.25% dextrose group compared with the icodextrin group at week 1 and week 2 (37.2% versus 2.2% [P < 0.0001] at week 1 and 33.3% versus 0% [P < 0.0001] at week 2; Figure 3).

Figure 2.
  • Download figure
  • Open in new tab
  • Download powerpoint
Figure 2.

Net ultrafiltration (UF) at baseline, week 1, and week 2. Values represent mean ± SEM for patients who were randomized to 4.25% dextrose (dashed line) or icodextrin (solid line). *P < 0.001 versus 4.25% dextrose (adjusted for baseline values).

Figure 3.
  • Download figure
  • Open in new tab
  • Download powerpoint
Figure 3.

Percentage of patients with negative net UF at baseline, week 1, and week 2 in patients who were randomized to 4.25% dextrose (□) or icodextrin (▪). Between-group differences, *P < 0.0001.

Long-dwell UF response to icodextrin was specifically evaluated in patients with UF failure (control, 12; icodextrin, 11), defined as 4-h net UF <100 ml on the screening PET using 2.5% dextrose (4). Mean net UF during the PET was −130.2 ± 62.0 ml in the 4.25% dextrose group and −15.6 ± 80.3 ml in the icodextrin group (P = 0.11). As expected, net UF at baseline (when all patients were using 4.25% dextrose for the long dwell) was not significantly different between the 4.25% dextrose and icodextrin groups (−313.3 ± 220.7 versus −227.7 ± 86.2 ml; P = 0.73). However, net UF was significantly greater with icodextrin than with 4.25% dextrose at week 1 (−351.1 ± 183.4 versus 407.4 ± 54.3 ml; P < 0.001) and week 2 (−239.7 ± 151.0 versus 373.8 ± 58.9 ml; P < 0.001).

Analysis of the relationship between net UF at weeks 1 and 2 combined and baseline peritoneal transport status (D/P creatinine) showed that in the control group, net UF during the long dwell decreased as transport rate increased (r = −0.461, P = 0.002). In contrast, patients in the icodextrin group achieved a similar long-dwell net UF of approximately 500 ml regardless of transport status (r = −0.124, P = 0.412; Figure 4). A similar analysis of the relationship between net UF change from baseline at weeks 1 and 2 combined and baseline peritoneal transport status (D/P creatinine) showed that in the control group, the change from baseline was similar regardless of transport rate (r = 0.038, P = 0.806). However, in the icodextrin group, the net UF change from baseline increased in magnitude as transport rate increased (r = 0.452, P = 0.002), indicating a greater improvement in net UF in patients with the higher transport profiles (data not shown).

Figure 4.
  • Download figure
  • Open in new tab
  • Download powerpoint
Figure 4.

Net UF at weeks 1 and 2 combined versus 4-h dialysate to plasma ratio creatinine. Values represent individual patients who were randomized to 4.25% dextrose (r = −0.461, P = 0.002, n = 44; top) or icodextrin (r = −0.124, P = 0.412, n = 46; bottom).

Consistent with the known kinetic profiles of the osmotic agents, the proportion of infused carbohydrate absorbed into the circulation was significantly greater (P < 0.001) with 4.25% dextrose than with icodextrin (91.3 versus 35.3% at week 1 and 92.0 versus 35.6% at week 2; Table 3). Similarly, the total amount of carbohydrate absorbed was greater in the 4.25% dextrose group than in the icodextrin group (Table 3). The combination of less carbohydrate absorption and greater net UF with icodextrin resulted in a significant improvement in the UFE. In the control group, UFE at week 1 and week 2 were not significantly different from the baseline value (5.50 ± 1.02 ml/g at baseline, 5.12 ± 0.97 ml/g at week 1, and 4.71 ± 0.85 ml/g at week 2). However, in the icodextrin group, UFE increased significantly from 3.64 ± 0.82 ml/g at baseline to 10.51 ± 1.25 ml/g at week 1 (P < 0.001) and 10.90 ± 1.12 ml/g at week 2 (P < 0.001). The UFE with icodextrin was significantly greater compared with the control group at both week 1 and week 2 (P < 0.001).

View this table:
  • View inline
  • View popup
Table 3.

Long-dwell carbohydrate absorption and UF efficiency ratioa

Small Solute Clearances

Long-dwell peritoneal creatinine and urea clearances at baseline were not statistically different between study groups. During treatment, clearance of both small solutes was unchanged in the control group but significantly increased with icodextrin at week 1 and week 2 (P < 0.001 for change from baseline and between-treatment comparisons of change from baseline; Table 4). The result was an additional 3.3 to 3.5 L of weekly creatinine clearance (21 to 23% increase in long-dwell clearance) and 2.7 to 2.9 L of weekly urea clearance (17 to 18% increase in long-dwell clearance).

View this table:
  • View inline
  • View popup
Table 4.

Peritoneal creatinine and urea clearances during the long dwella

Other Efficacy Measures

BP was relatively well controlled in both groups at baseline and throughout the study (Table 5). No statistically significant or clinically relevant differences from baseline or between treatment groups were found for 24-h ambulatory BP readings, sitting or standing BP measured during study visits, or drained body weight. The percentage of patients with more than a 10% drop in mean BP from wake to sleep readings (dippers) was low in both study groups; was not significantly different between groups at baseline, week 1, or week 2; and did not show any time trends during the study. Glucose concentrations in the cycler-based part of the daily therapy did not vary from baseline in the course of the study.

View this table:
  • View inline
  • View popup
Table 5.

Diurnal BP profilesa

Safety

No notable unexpected adverse events occurred during the study, and most reported events were related to medical conditions associated with ESRD. Only rash occurred significantly more often in the icodextrin group (eight patients, 17%) compared with the control group (zero patients; P = 0.006). Six of the eight patients with rash completed the study. Maculopapular rash was reported in three (6.4%) icodextrin patients and none of the control patients (P = 0.242). One of these patients completed the study. Cases of rash were similar to those reported previously in icodextrin-treated patients (1). No clinically or statistically significant differences between groups were found for the incidence of hypotension, hypertension, or hypoglycemia reported as adverse events.

Seven patients (icodextrin, 4; control, 3) were discontinued from the study as a result of adverse events. The four patients in the icodextrin group were discontinued as a result of rash or macular rash. The reasons for discontinuation in the control group were fluid overload/diffuse body aches, peritonitis, and hypervolemia (one patient each).

Discussion

The results of the present study can be summarized as follows: (1) Patients with high-average or high peritoneal transport characteristics on APD have a high prevalence of negative net UF when 4.25% dextrose is used for the long-dwell exchange; (2) use of icodextrin for the long dwell abrogates the negative UF and results in a significant positive net UF (mean 500 ml per exchange); and (3) the enhanced UF achieved with icodextrin in comparison with 4.25% is paralleled by increased small solute clearances during the long dwell and a higher UF efficiency for the absorbed carbohydrate load.

Adequate fluid management is a major goal of PD and is necessary for achievement of good clinical outcomes (4). Clinical observations continue to document suboptimal fluid management in subsets of PD populations, particularly in patients who have high-average or high peritoneal solute transport patterns by the PET and are most likely to experience inadequate UF (2,11,16–18). Inadequate fluid removal is a common occurrence when dextrose-based solutions are used for the long dwell, particularly in high-average/high transporters (11,14). Because of its small size, glucose is rapidly transported across the peritoneal membrane in these patients, leading to a progressive dissipation of the osmotic gradient as the dwell progresses and a corresponding reduction in net UF (14). Because the rate of glucose absorption is time dependent, its impact on net UF during the short dwells is generally limited. However, during the long dwell, the impact of glucose absorption can be considerable. In fact, toward the end of the long dwell, the osmotic gradient may be reduced to such an extent that more fluid is absorbed than ultrafiltered, resulting in a negative net UF volume (drained volume less than infused volume). Unlike glucose, icodextrin does not readily diffuse across the peritoneal membrane but instead is slowly removed from the peritoneal cavity primarily via convective pathways involving predominantly lymphatic absorption (19).

Because of the risk for low or negative net UF during the long dwell, dextrose solutions of higher tonicity (2.5 and 4.25% dextrose) are often used in an effort to compensate for the progressive decline in net UF. However, in addition to the fact that high tonicity dextrose solutions can contribute to a number of metabolic abnormalities such as obesity, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperlipidemia (20,21) and may well compromise peritoneal membrane function (22), they may still be unable to prevent negative net UF in high-average/high transporters. In the present study, 33 to 38% of high-average/high transporters who used 4.25% dextrose for the long dwell experienced negative net UF.

Previous studies have demonstrated that icodextrin provides significantly better net UF during the long dwell than either 1.5 or 2.5% dextrose (23,24). Evaluation of the comparative UF of icodextrin and 4.25% has hitherto been limited. The MIDAS study compared the two solutions in patients who were on CAPD using the typical dwell times of CAPD regimen (23). The study found comparable net UF between icodextrin and 4.25% dextrose, although a trend toward greater UF with icodextrin was observed particularly during the longer dwell exchanges (12 h). However, this study did not categorize patients by peritoneal transport characteristics or address the longer dwell times inherent to cycler-based therapy (3).

Before the present study, no controlled trials had compared icodextrin and 4.25% dextrose in high-average/high transporters, although evidence suggested the superiority of icodextrin in these patients. Several studies have demonstrated the success of icodextrin in patients who experienced UF failure and fluid overload despite the use of 4.25% dextrose for the long dwell. A retrospective review of one center’s long-term experience found that among 33 patients with UF failure (fluid retention despite two 4.25% dextrose exchanges per day), switching to icodextrin for the long dwell extended PD technique survival by a median of 22 mo (12). In a prospective, open-label study of 39 patients who were at the point of transfer to hemodialysis because of refractory fluid overload (13), substitution of icodextrin for 4.25% dextrose prolonged use of PD by a mean of 1.21 yr; among patients with daily net UF <1 L, time on PD was extended by a mean of 1.70 yr. Additional supportive evidence of the superiority of icodextrin compared with 4.25% dextrose comes from an open-label, single-dose, crossover study that was conducted to establish the relationship between peritoneal membrane transport pattern and UF volume (25). This study found that high-average and high transport patients achieved significantly greater net UF with icodextrin than with 4.25% dextrose. Furthermore, this study provides additional evidence of the superiority of icodextrin over 4.25% dextrose in patients with UF failure by International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis criteria.

The primary objective of the present study was to compare the fluid-removal capabilities of icodextrin and 4.25% dextrose in a population of APD patients who would most likely benefit from an improvement in UF, namely those with high-average/high peritoneal membrane transport characteristics. The study was limited to patients who were on APD for two reasons. First, APD is recommended when UF is inadequate in patients with high transport characteristics because the shorter dwell times of the nighttime exchanges will improve UF (4). Second, APD is becoming the dominant PD modality in modern practice (3). The long-dwell duration of 14 to 16 h in this study is typical for APD.

The results of this study demonstrated that use of icodextrin for the long dwell results in highly statistically significant and clinically meaningful improvements in net UF. Although our study was limited to a 2-wk observation period, our results are likely sustainable and reproducible over longer periods of observations on the basis of several considerations. Specifically, studies have shown that early increases in net UF with icodextrin are reproducible and sustainable for up to 21 wk of therapy, including in high-average/high transporters (23,24) (data on file, Baxter Healthcare Corporation).

In this study, icodextrin use was associated with a significantly greater UFE, indicating that more ultrafiltrate was produced for each gram of carbohydrate absorbed from the dialysate. Reduction of daily carbohydrate absorption through the use of icodextrin may help to reduce the risk of metabolic complications such as hyperinsulinemia, hyperlipidemia with elevated triglycerides and LDL cholesterol, appetite suppression, and obesity (20,21,26). Use of icodextrin in place of 4.25% dextrose would also reduce peritoneal glucose exposure, which may mitigate the detrimental effects of glucose on peritoneal membrane function (22) and extend the time that patients are able to use their PD modality of choice (8).

The BP profile of the study population displayed the common characteristics of predominance of nondippers that has been described in patients with chronic kidney disease and patients who are on dialysis (27–30). BP control was satisfactory at baseline, and the enhancement of UF with icodextrin did not result in any changes in BP control or in the circadian behavior of BP levels. This lack of change in BP control in a population that is known for its volume-dependent hypertension may seem disconcerting until we recognize that drained body weight also did not change. This suggests that this population likely compensated for the increased UF by a simultaneous increase in fluid intake, not an uncommon occurrence in PD patients. As the study protocol did not necessitate any constancy in dietary salt intake, patients may have viewed the increased UF as an opportunity to increase intake. In the settings in which investigators coupled enhanced peritoneal UF with dietary restrictions, improved BP control has been observed with the use of icodextrin (9,31).

The occurrence of maculopapular rash (6.4%) was expected, as the development of a new skin rash was the most common treatment-related side effect of icodextrin in previous clinical trials (1,24). Rashes that occur with icodextrin usually are mild or moderate, typically involve the palms and soles, and can be associated with peeling of the skin. When a rash occurs, it generally develops early in therapy, is self-limited, and resolves without sequelae after discontinuation of icodextrin.

In summary, this study demonstrated that in APD patients with high-average or high transport characteristics, icodextrin for the long-dwell exchange results in significantly greater net UF than 4.25% dextrose. The incidence of negative net UF during the long-dwell exchange was reduced from approximately 40 to 0% in this group of patients. Significant improvements in the amount of fluid removed per gram of carbohydrate absorbed from dialysate indicates that icodextrin is a more efficient osmotic agent.

Acknowledgments

This study was funded by Baxter Healthcare Corporation, which also manufactured the double-blind product.

The results of the study were presented in part at the 1st Joint Congress of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis and the European Peritoneal Dialysis Meeting, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, August 28–31, 2004, and at the American Society of Nephrology Renal Week 2004, St. Louis, MO, October 27 to November 1, 2004.

Icodextrin High Transporter Trial Group: Dr. Ali Abu-Alfa, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Dr. Suhail Ahmad, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Dr. Douglas Anderson, AZ Kidney Specialists, Glendale, AZ; Dr. Shahabul Arfeen, Nephrology Specialists PC, Michigan City, IN; Dr. Ahmed Awad, Kansas City, MO; Dr. Habib Azad, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange, CA; Dr. John T. Ball, Lincoln Park Nephrology PD, Chicago, IL; Dr. Kym Bannister, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Dr. Scott Bernstein, Hartford Hospital Dialysis, Hartford, CT; Dr. Geoffrey Block, Denver Nephrology, Denver, CO; Dr. Eric Bloom, Albert Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA; Dr. Roxana Bologa, Rogosin Institute, New York, NY; Dr. Fiona Brown, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Dr. John Burkart, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC; Dr. Dana Campbell, Milwaukee Nephrology, Milwaukee, WI; Dr. Luis Cespedes, DuPage Peritoneal Dialysis Services, Inc., Elmhurst, IL; Dr. Jerry Cohlmia, Wichita Nephrology Group, Wichita, KS; Dr. Peter de Jersey, Townsville Hospital, Douglas, Queensland, Australia; Dr. Francis Dumler, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, MI; Dr. Tony J. Elias, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia; Dr. Julian L. Espiritu, Jr., Espiritu Renal Consultants, PLLC, South Charleston, WV; Dr. Stephen Fadem, Fadem Kidney Associates, Houston, TX; Dr. Mark Faber, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI; Dr. Richard Fatica, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Dr. Fredric O. Finkelstein, Metabolism Associates, New Haven, CT; Dr. Danny Fischer, The Kidney and Hypertension Center, Cincinnati, OH; Dr. Todd Gehr, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA; Dr. Alastair Gillies, John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia; Prof. David Harris, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; Dr. Helen Healy, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia; Dr. Fred E. Husserl, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA; Dr. David Johnson, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Wolloongabba, Queensland, Australia; Dr. Thomas Kennefick, Northwest Renal Clinic, Portland, OR; Dr. Ramesh Khanna, University of Missouri-Health Sciences Center, Columbia, MO; Dr. Mahesh Krishnan, Gambro Tyson's Corner Virginia, Fairfax, VA; Dr. Joseph Lee, Nephrology Associates Medical Group, Inc., Riverside, CA; Dr. Paul D. Light, University of Maryland Medical System, Baltimore, MD; Dr. Maureen Lonergan, Wollongong Hospital, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia; Dr. Murty Mantha, Cairns Base Hospital, Cairns, Queensland, Australia; Dr. Philip Marin, Altru Health Systems, Grand Forks, ND; Dr. Stephen May, Tamworth Base Hospital, Tamworth, New South Wales, Australia; Dr. Rajnish Mehrotra, Harbor UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA; Dr. Harry Moody, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Dr. Kevin Nash, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare, Evanston, IL; Dr. Philip Pennell, University of Miami, Miami, FL; Dr. Kathy Piazis, Austin & Repatriation Medical Centre, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia; Dr. Beth Piraino, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Dr. Jeffrey Posner, Mid Atlantic Nephrology Associates, Baltimore, MD; Dr. Mahmoud Salem, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS; Dr. Ramesh Saxena, University of Texas Southwest Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Dr. Mel Seek, Ocala Critical Care & Kidney Associates, Ocala, FL; Dr. Mary Jo Shaver, VA Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR; Dr. Robert Steiner, University of San Diego, San Diego, CA; Dr. Leonard Stern, Columbia University Dialysis Center, New York, NY; Dr. Michael Suranyi, Liverpool Health Service, Liverpool BC, New South Wales, Australia; Dr. Tim Taber, Dialysis Institute of Indiana, Indianapolis, IN; and Dr. Isaac Teitelbaum, University of Colorado Health Science Center, Denver, CO.

We thank Ruth Stallard for her dedication and superb organizational efforts on behalf of the investigators, Dr. Lawrence Lin for statistical analysis, and Rona McGreevy for expert editorial help in the preparation of the manuscript.

Footnotes

  • Published online ahead of print. Publication date available at www.jasn.org.

  • © 2005 American Society of Nephrology

References

  1. ↵
    Wolfson M, Ogrinc F, Mujais S: Review of clinical trial experience with icodextrin. Kidney Int 62[Suppl 81] : S46 –S52, 2002
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  2. ↵
    Abu-Alfa AK, Burkart J, Piraino B, Pulliam J, Mujais S: Approach to fluid management in peritoneal dialysis: A practical algorithm. Kidney Int 62[Suppl 81] : S8 –S16, 2002
    OpenUrl
  3. ↵
    Guo A, Mujais S: Patient and technique survival on peritoneal dialysis in the United States: Evaluation in large incident cohorts. Kidney Int 64[Suppl 88] : S3 –S12, 2003
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  4. ↵
    Mujais S, Nolph K, Gokal R, Blake P, Burkart J, Coles G, Kawaguchi Y, Kawanishi H, Korbet S, Krediet R, Lindholm B, Oreopoulos D, Rippe B, Selgas R: Evaluation and management of ultrafiltration problems in peritoneal dialysis. International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis Ad Hoc Committee on Ultrafiltration Management in Peritoneal Dialysis. Perit Dial Int 20[Suppl 4] : S5 –S21, 2000
  5. ↵
    Brown EA, Davies SJ, Rutherford P, Meeus F, Borras M, Riegel W, Divino Filho JC, Vonesh E, Van Bree M: Survival of functionally anuric patients on automated peritoneal dialysis: The European APD Outcome Study. J Am Soc Nephrol 14 : 2948 –2957, 2003
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  6. ↵
    Wang T, Lindholm B: Beyond CANUSA, DOQI, ADEMEX: What’s next? Adequacy of peritoneal dialysis in Mexico. Canada-USA. Dialysis Outcomes Quality Initiative. Perit Dial Int 22 : 555 –562, 2002
    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
  7. ↵
    Konings CJ, Kooman JP, Schonck M, Gladziwa U, Wirtz J, Van Den Wall Bake AW, Gerlag PG, Hoorntje SJ, Wolters J, Van Der Sande FM, Leunissen KM: Effect of icodextrin on volume status, blood pressure and echocardiographic parameters: A randomized study. Kidney Int 63 : 1556 –1563, 2003
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  8. ↵
    Davies SJ, Woodrow G, Donovan K, Plum J, Williams P, Johansson AC, Bosselmann HP, Heimburger O, Simonsen O, Davenport A, Tranaeus A, Divino Filho JC: Icodextrin improves the fluid status of peritoneal dialysis patients: Results of a double-blind randomized controlled trial. J Am Soc Nephrol 14 : 2338 –2344, 2003
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  9. ↵
    Woodrow G, Oldroyd B, Stables G, Gibson J, Turney JH, Brownjohn AM: Effects of icodextrin in automated peritoneal dialysis on blood pressure and bioelectrical impedance analysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 15 : 862 –866, 2000
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  10. ↵
    Davies SJ, Brown EA, Riegel W, Boras M, Meeus F, Rodrigues AS, Heimburger O, Van Bree M, Divino Filho JC, EAPOS Group: Influence of glucose exposure and icodextrin use on longitudinal changes in membrane function in anuric APD patients [Abstract]. Perit Dial Int 23[Suppl 1] : S17 , 2003
    OpenUrl
  11. ↵
    Krediet R, Mujais S: Use of icodextrin in high transport ultrafiltration failure. Kidney Int 62[Suppl 81] : S53 –S61, 2002
    OpenUrl
  12. ↵
    Wilkie ME, Plant MJ, Edwards L, Brown CB: Icodextrin 7.5% dialysate solution (glucose polymer) in patients with ultrafiltration failure: Extension of CAPD technique survival. Perit Dial Int 17 : 84 –87, 1997
    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
  13. ↵
    Johnson DW, Vincent K, Blizzard S, Rumpsfeld M, Just P: Cost savings from peritoneal dialysis therapy time extension using icodextrin. Adv Perit Dial 19 : 81 –85, 2003
    OpenUrlPubMed
  14. ↵
    Mujais S, Vonesh E: Profiling of peritoneal ultrafiltration. Kidney Int 62[Suppl 81] : S17 –S22, 2002
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  15. ↵
    Twardowski ZJ, Nolph KD, Khanna R, Prowant BF, Ryan LP, Moore HL, Neilsen MP: Peritoneal equilibration test. Perit Dial Bull 7 : 138 –147, 1987
    OpenUrl
  16. ↵
    Tzamaloukas AH, Saddler MC, Murata GH, Malhotra D, Sena P, Simon D, Hawkins KL, Morgan K, Nevarez M, Wood B: Symptomatic fluid retention in patients on continuous peritoneal dialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 6 : 198 –206, 1995
    OpenUrlAbstract
  17. Chung SH, Chu WS, Lee HA, Kim YH, Lee IS, Lindholm B, Lee HB: Peritoneal transport characteristics, comorbid diseases and survival in CAPD patients. Perit Dial Int 20 : 541 –547, 2000
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  18. ↵
    Chung SH, Heimburger O, Stenvinkel P, Wang T, Lindholm B: Influence of peritoneal transport rate, inflammation, and fluid removal on nutritional status and clinical outcome in prevalent peritoneal dialysis patients. Perit Dial Int 23 : 174 –183, 2003
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  19. ↵
    Moberly JB, Mujais S, Gehr T, Hamburger R, Sprague S, Kucharski A, Reynolds R, Ogrinc F, Martis L, Wolfson M: Pharmacokinetics of icodextrin in peritoneal dialysis patients. Kidney Int 62[Suppl 81] : S23 –S33, 2002
    OpenUrl
  20. ↵
    Boeschoten EW, Zuyderhoudt FMJ, Krediet RT, Arisz L: Changes in weight and lipid concentrations during CAPD treatment. Perit Dial Int 8 : 19 –24, 1988
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  21. ↵
    Lameire N, Matthys D, Matthys E, Beheydt R: Effects of long-term CAPD on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Clin Nephrol 30[Suppl 1] : S53 –S58, 1988
  22. ↵
    Cooker LA, Holmes CJ, Hoff CM: Biocompatibility of icodextrin. Kidney Int 62[Suppl 81] : S34 –S45, 2002
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  23. ↵
    Mistry CD, Gokal R, Peers E, MIDAS Study Group: A randomized multicenter clinical trial comparing isosmolar icodextrin with hyperosmolar glucose solutions in CAPD. Kidney Int 46 : 496 –503, 1994
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  24. ↵
    Wolfson M, Piraino B, Hamburger RJ, Mortin AR, for the Icodextrin Study Group: A randomized controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of icodextrin in peritoneal dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 40 : 1055 –1065, 2002
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  25. ↵
    Araujo MRT, Pecoits-Filho RF, Romao JE Jr, Sabbaga E, Marcondes MM, Abensur H: The relationship between ultrafiltrate volume with icodextrin and peritoneal transport pattern according to the peritoneal equilibration test. Perit Dial Int 22 : 229 –233, 2002
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  26. ↵
    Feriani M, Catizone L, Fracasso A: Peritoneal dialysis solutions and systems. In: Textbook of Peritoneal Dialysis, 2nd Ed., edited by Gokal R, Khanna R, Krediet RT, Nolph K, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000 , pp 253 –306
  27. ↵
    Cocchi R, Esposti ED, Fabbri A, Lucatello A, Sturani A, Quarello F, Boero R, Bruno M, Dadone C, Favazza A, Scanziani R, Tommasi A, Giangrande A: Prevalence of hypertension in patients on peritoneal dialysis: Results of an Italian multicentre study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 14 : 1536 –1540, 1999
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  28. Redon J, Oliver V, Zaragoza MD, Galindo MJ: Ambulatory blood pressure during diseases of the kidney. Blood Press Monit 4 : 267 –274, 1999
    OpenUrlPubMed
  29. Fagugli RM, Quintaliani G, Pasini P, Ciao G, Cicconi B, Pasticci F, Buoncristiani U: Blunted nocturnal blood pressure decrease and left-ventricular mass in hypertensive hemodialysis patients. Nephron 91 : 79 –85, 2002
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  30. ↵
    Tonbul Z, Altintepe L, Sozlu C, Yeksan M, Yildiz A, Turk S: Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in haemodialysis and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients. J Hum Hypertens 16 : 585 –589, 2002
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  31. ↵
    Johnson DW, Arndt M, O’Shea A, Watt R, Hamilton J, Vincent K: Icodextrin as salvage therapy in peritoneal dialysis patients with refractory fluid overload. BMC Nephrol 2 : 2 , 2001
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
View Abstract
PreviousNext
Back to top

In this issue

Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: 16 (2)
Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
Vol. 16, Issue 2
1 Feb 2005
  • Table of Contents
  • Index by author
View Selected Citations (0)
Print
Download PDF
Sign up for Alerts
Email Article
Thank you for your help in sharing the high-quality science in JASN.
Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
Superiority of Icodextrin Compared with 4.25% Dextrose for Peritoneal Ultrafiltration
(Your Name) has sent you a message from American Society of Nephrology
(Your Name) thought you would like to see the American Society of Nephrology web site.
CAPTCHA
This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.
Citation Tools
Superiority of Icodextrin Compared with 4.25% Dextrose for Peritoneal Ultrafiltration
Fredric Finkelstein, Helen Healy, Ali Abu-Alfa, Suhail Ahmad, Fiona Brown, Todd Gehr, Kevin Nash, Michael Sorkin, Salim Mujais
JASN Feb 2005, 16 (2) 546-554; DOI: 10.1681/ASN.2004090793

Citation Manager Formats

  • BibTeX
  • Bookends
  • EasyBib
  • EndNote (tagged)
  • EndNote 8 (xml)
  • Medlars
  • Mendeley
  • Papers
  • RefWorks Tagged
  • Ref Manager
  • RIS
  • Zotero
Request Permissions
Share
Superiority of Icodextrin Compared with 4.25% Dextrose for Peritoneal Ultrafiltration
Fredric Finkelstein, Helen Healy, Ali Abu-Alfa, Suhail Ahmad, Fiona Brown, Todd Gehr, Kevin Nash, Michael Sorkin, Salim Mujais
JASN Feb 2005, 16 (2) 546-554; DOI: 10.1681/ASN.2004090793
del.icio.us logo Digg logo Reddit logo Twitter logo CiteULike logo Facebook logo Google logo Mendeley logo
  • Tweet Widget
  • Facebook Like

Jump to section

  • Article
    • Abstract
    • Materials and Methods
    • Results
    • Discussion
    • Acknowledgments
    • Footnotes
    • References
  • Figures & Data Supps
  • Info & Metrics
  • View PDF

More in this TOC Section

  • Comparison of Survival of Upper Arm Arteriovenous Fistulas and Grafts after Failed Forearm Fistula
  • Progressive Exercise for Anabolism in Kidney Disease (PEAK): A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Resistance Training during Hemodialysis
  • Soluble CD154 Is a Unique Predictor of Nonfatal and Fatal Atherothrombotic Events in Patients Who Have End-Stage Renal Disease and Are on Hemodialysis
Show more Clinical Dialysis

Cited By...

  • The Effect of Automated Versus Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis on Mortality Risk In China
  • Icodextrin Simplifies PD Therapy by Equalizing UF and Sodium Removal Among Patient Transport Types During Long Dwells: A Modeling Study
  • Low-Polydispersity Glucose Polymers as Osmotic Agents for Peritoneal Dialysis
  • Predicting the Peritoneal Absorption of Icodextrin in Rats and Humans Including the Effect of {alpha}-Amylase Activity in Dialysate
  • Impact of a Low-Glucose Peritoneal Dialysis Regimen on Fibrosis and Inflammation Biomarkers
  • Peritoneal Residual Volume Induces Variability of Ultrafiltration with Icodextrin
  • Automated Peritoneal Dialysis Prescriptions for Enhancing Sodium and Fluid Removal: A Predictive Analysis of Optimized, Patient-Specific Dwell Times for the Day Period
  • RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH ENCAPSULATING PERITONEAL SCLEROSIS IN DUTCH EPS STUDY
  • CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES AND RECOMMENDATIONS ON PERITONEAL DIALYSIS ADEQUACY 2011
  • COMPARISON OF ICODEXTRIN AND GLUCOSE SOLUTIONS FOR LONG DWELL EXCHANGE IN PERITONEAL DIALYSIS: A META-ANALYSIS OF RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS
  • GLUCOREGULATORY HORMONES AND CHOICE OF OSMOTIC AGENT IN PERITONEAL DIALYSIS
  • FALSE ELEVATION OF BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS MEASURED BY GDH-PQQ-BASED GLUCOMETERS OCCURS DURING ALL DAILY DWELLS IN PERITONEAL DIALYSIS PATIENTS USING ICODEXTRIN
  • THE EFFECT OF WEATHER ON PERITONEAL DIALYSIS (PD) PRESCRIPTION: SEASONAL VARIATION IN PD DIALYSATE UTILIZATION
  • Biocompatible Peritoneal Dialysis Solutions: Do We Have One?
  • Randomized Controlled Trial of Icodextrin versus Glucose Containing Peritoneal Dialysis Fluid
  • ICODEXTRIN IMPROVES METABOLIC AND FLUID MANAGEMENT IN HIGH AND HIGH-AVERAGE TRANSPORT DIABETIC PATIENTS
  • EFFECTS OF TWICE-DAILY ICODEXTRIN ADMINISTRATION ON BLOOD PRESSURE AND LEFT VENTRICULAR MASS IN PATIENTS ON CONTINUOUS AMBULATORY PERITONEAL DIALYSIS
  • UNDERSTANDING THE VARIABILITY IN ULTRAFILTRATION OBTAINED WITH ICODEXTRIN
  • A COMBINED CRYSTALLOID AND COLLOID PD SOLUTION AS A GLUCOSE-SPARING STRATEGY FOR VOLUME CONTROL IN HIGH-TRANSPORT APD PATIENTS: A PROSPECTIVE MULTICENTER STUDY
  • ICODEXTRIN METABOLITES IN PERITONEAL DIALYSIS
  • RAPID SOLUTE TRANSPORT IN THE PERITONEUM: PHYSIOLOGIC AND CLINICAL CONSEQUENCES
  • STABILITY OF TOBRAMYCIN AND CEFTAZIDIME IN ICODEXTRIN PERITONEAL DIALYSIS SOLUTION
  • MAXIMIZING THE SUCCESS OF PERITONEAL DIALYSIS IN HIGH TRANSPORTERS
  • CONTROLLING INFLAMMATION IN PERITONEAL DIALYSIS: THE ROLE OF PD-RELATED FACTORS AS POTENTIAL INTERVENTION TARGETS
  • Google Scholar

Similar Articles

Related Articles

  • No related articles found.
  • PubMed
  • Google Scholar

Articles

  • Current Issue
  • Early Access
  • Subject Collections
  • Article Archive
  • ASN Annual Meeting Abstracts

Information for Authors

  • Submit a Manuscript
  • Author Resources
  • Editorial Fellowship Program
  • ASN Journal Policies
  • Reuse/Reprint Policy

About

  • JASN
  • ASN
  • ASN Journals
  • ASN Kidney News

Journal Information

  • About JASN
  • JASN Email Alerts
  • JASN Key Impact Information
  • JASN Podcasts
  • JASN RSS Feeds
  • Editorial Board

More Information

  • Advertise
  • ASN Podcasts
  • ASN Publications
  • Become an ASN Member
  • Feedback
  • Follow on Twitter
  • Password/Email Address Changes
  • Subscribe

© 2021 American Society of Nephrology

Print ISSN - 1046-6673 Online ISSN - 1533-3450

Powered by HighWire