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ARVD Pb AOR (95% CI)c of ARVD Pd No (n = 50) Yes (n = 79) Age (yr) 69 ± 9 71 ± 7 NS 1.04 (0.98 to 1.10) 0.2 Gender 0.9 male 38.0% 58.2% NS 1 female 62.0% 41.8% 0.93 (0.37 to 2.32) Diabetes 30.0% 24.1% NS 0.81 (0.30 to 2.18) 0.7 Ischemic heart disease 22.0% 32.9% NS 1.56 (0.55 to 4.42) 0.4 eGFR (ml/min) 33 ± 16 36 ± 19 NS 1.01 (0.98 to 1.03) 0.8 24-h urinary protein (g/d) 1.4 ± 2.0 0.4 ± 0.5 <0.001 0.21 (0.07 to 0.62) 0.005 24-h systolic BP (mmHg) 138 ± 17 140 ± 19 NS 1.02 (1.00 to 1.05) 0.07 24-h diastolic BP (mmHg) 75 ± 12 73 ± 13 NS 1.00 (0.96 to 1.04) 0.9 Hemoglobin (g/L) 124 ± 18 127 ± 20 NS 0.99 (0.97 to 1.02) 0.6 LV hypertrophy 46.0% 78.5% <0.001 5.54 (2.04 to 15.02) 0.001 LVMI (g/m2) 116 ± 33 183 ± 74 <0.001 1.04 (1.02 to 1.05)f <0.001 LVEF (%) 57 ± 12 53 ± 12 NS 0.97 (0.94 to 1.01) 0.16 LVEDV index (ml/m2) 34 ± 16 82 ± 35 <0.001 1.18 (1.09 to 1.28) <0.001 Two or more LV diastolic function abnormalitiese 12.0% 40.5% <0.001 16.3 (3.9 to 68.5) 0.001 ↵a AOR, adjusted odds ratio; ARVD, atherosclerotic renovascular disease; CI, confidence interval; eGFR, estimated GFR; LV, left ventricular; LVH, LV hypertrophy; LVMI, LV mass index; LVEF, LV ejection fraction; LVEDV, LV end-diastolic volume.
↵b Compared using the χ2 test for categorical variable and ANOVA test for continuous variables.
↵c Using multiple logistic regression, with the presence (coded 1) or absence (coded 0) of ARVD as the dependent variable and adjusted for age, gender, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, eGFR, 24-h urinary protein, 24-h systolic BP, and hemoglobin.
↵d Adjusted for age, gender, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, eGFR, 24-h urinary protein, and hemoglobin.
↵e Categories were combined because no patient in the control group had three diastolic function abnormalities.
↵f Each 1-g/m2 increment in LVMI is associated with a 4% increment in the AOR of ARVD.
- Table 2.
Demographic, BP, and echocardiographic data for ARVD patients stratified according to renal functiona
Patients with ARVD (n = 79) Preserved Renal Function Moderate Renal Failure Severe Renal Failure P n 16 (20.3%) 35 (44.3%) 28 (35.4%) Age (yr) 64.1 ± 7.5 72.5 ± 5.6 72.3 ± 7.7 <0.005 eGFR (μmol/L) 68 ± 12 36 ± 7 19 ± 4 <0.001 Proteinuria (g/L) 0.1 ± 0.2 0.3 ± 0.4 0.6 ± 0.6 <0.005 Overall systolic BP (mmHg) 134.6 ± 19.1 140.1 ± 16.1 141.4 ± 22.4 NS Overall diastolic BP (mmHg) 71.6 ± 8.9 73.1 ± 13.7 72.7 ± 14.0 NS Overall MAP (mmHg) 93.9 ± 9.9 96.9 ± 13.1 97.1 ± 16.1 NS LVH (%) 68.8 82.8 78.6 NS LVMI (g/m2) 148.9 ± 45.5 184.9 ± 69.8 188.3 ± 82.5 NS LVEF (%) 55.7 ± 14.0 54.9 ± 9.9 48.6 ± 11.9 NS LVEDD (cm) 5.2 ± 0.6 5.4 ± 0.9 5.4 ± 1.2 NS LVEDV (ml) 144.0 ± 44.3 134.5 ± 35.7 166.7 ± 87.7 NS Cholesterol (mmol/L) 4.7 ± 1.2 4.7 ± 0.9 4.7 ± 1.4 NS Calcium-phosphate product (mmol/L) 2.4 ± 0.6 2.5 ± 0.5 3.2 ± 0.8 <0.001 ↵a MAP, mean arterial BP; LVEDD, LV end-diastolic diameter.
- Table 3.
LVMI and prevalence of LVH in ARVD patients compared with control patients and stratified according to renal functional grouping
Control Group (n = 50) ARVD Group (n = 79) P LVMI (g/m2) preserved renal function 101.1 ± 24.9 148.9 ± 45.5 <0.05 moderate renal failure 110.8 ± 37.5 184.9 ± 69.8 <0.001 severe renal failure 126.7 ± 28.0 188.3 ± 82.5 <0.005 P(between renal function categories) 0.139 0.171 Prevalence of LVH (%) preserved renal function 33.3 68.8 NS moderate renal failure 43.5 82.8 <0.05 severe renal failure 52.4 78.6 NS P(between renal function categories) 0.673 0.173 Cholesterol (mmol/L) 4.4 ± 1.0 4.7 ± 1.1 NS Calcium-phosphate product (mmol/L) 3.0 ± 1.0 2.7 ± 0.7 NS - Table 4.
Demographic, BP, and echocardiographic data for residual renal artery patency groups and for unilateral and bilateral renal artery disease groups
Baseline (n = 79) Mild ARVD Moderate ARVD SevereARVD P Unilateral ARVD Bilateral ARVD P n 26 (32.9%) 45 (57%) 8 (10.1%) 51 (64.6%) 28 (35.4%) Age (yr) 71.3 ± 5.0 70.4 ± 8.6 70.3 ± 8.6 NS 70.1 ± 8.1 71.9 ± 6.3 NS eGFR (ml/min) 36.4 ± 20.6 35.9 ± 18.4 37.7 ± 20.9 NS 37.9 ± 19.2 33.3 ± 19.1 NS Proteinuria (g/24 h) 0.4 ± 0.4 1.5 ± 0.3 0.5 ± 0.9 NS 0.3 ± 0.4 0.4 ± 0.6 NS 24-h systolic BP (mmHg) 141.0 ± 21.6 138.5 ± 19.1 139.6 ± 9.9 NS 141.5 ± 18.6 135.7 ± 19.6 NS 24-h diastolic BP (mmHg) 72.4 ± 14.1 72.1 ± 12.4 76.4 ± 12.0 NS 74.8 ± 13.1 68.9 ± 11.7 NS 24-h MAP (mmHg) 96.8 ± 15.2 95.6 ± 13.5 99.1 ± 9.1 NS 98.8 ± 13.7 92.1 ± 12.6 <0.05 LVH (%) 76.9 80.0 75.0 NS 74.5 85.7 NS LVMI (g/m2) 174.1 ± 49.7 181.5 ± 83.2 179.0 ± 67.3 NS 167.1 ± 58.8 200.2 ± 87.4 <0.05 LVEF (%) 49.2 ± 13.4 55.3 ± 9.9 50.93 ± 14.4 NS 53.5 ± 11.8 51.5 ± 11.8 NS LVEDD (cm) 5.3 ± 0.6 5.4 ± 1.1 5.4 ± 0.8 NS 5.2 ± 0.8 5.8 ± 1.1 <0.01 LVEDV (ml) 150.9 ± 61.9 147.6 ± 65.9 139.0 ± 36.1 NS 141.4 ± 50.1 159.6 ± 78.3 NS Cholesterol (mmol/L) 4.5 ± 1.0 4.8 ± 1.1 5.0 ± 1.5 NS 4.7 ± 1.1 4.7 ± 1.2 NS Calcium-phosphate product (mmol/L) 2.6 ± 0.7 2.8 ± 0.8 2.5 ± 0.6 NS 2.7 ± 0.6 2.8 ± 1.0 NS