Medical Costs of CKD in the Medicare Population

Article Figures & Data

Table 1.

Summary statistics for overall sample population by stage of CKD

Parameter Description	Overall	No CKD	CKD Stage 1	CKD Stage 2	CKD Stage 3	CKD Stage 4
Patients (n)	4148^a	2539	161	438	938	56
Patients (%)	100	45.3 ± 1.6	2.6 ± 0.3	9.1 ± 0.6	21.0 ± 1.1	1.1 ± 0.2
Age (yr)	72.0 ± 0.3	70.4 ± 0.3	69.0 ± 1.5	73.8 ± 0.8	76.4 ± 0.5	77.2 ± 1.4
Women (%)	55.9 ± 1.0	52.9 ± 1.3	44.7 ± 5.4	56.5 ± 3.3	66.6 ± 2.2	58.8 ± 9.8
Race/ethnicity (%)
White	85.2 ± 1.1	86.1 ± 1.2	64.9 ± 6.1	79.3 ± 2.4	88.0 ± 1.4	80.1 ± 7.3
Hispanic/Latino	2.2 ± 0.2	2.2 ± 0.2	5.2 ± 1.0	3.0 ± 0.4	1.3 ± 0.2	1.5 ± 0.8
Black	8.6 ± 1.1	7.9 ± 1.2	25.5 ± 6.3	10.9 ± 2.4	7.0 ± 1.4	10.2 ± 7.8
Diabetes	13.0 ± 0.6	8.8 ± 0.7	26.4 ± 5.9	25.6 ± 2.9	18.5 ± 1.8	23.0 ± 7.2
Hypertension	64.6 ± 1.0	56.5 ± 1.1	75.1 ± 5.5	78.6 ± 2.4	81.0 ± 1.8	94.6 ± 3.4
Myocardial infarction	11.9 ± 1.0	9.7 ± 1.1	15.1 ± 3.9	12.9 ± 2.4	17.2 ± 1.8	24.3 ± 8.0
Stroke	6.3 ± 0.5	4.7 ± 0.6	6.5 ± 2.2	7.7 ± 1.5	10.3 ± 1.4	14.7 ± 6.6
Congestive heart failure	7.6 ± 0.6	5.1 ± 0.7	5.9 ± 2.4	9.1 ± 1.6	14.2 ± 1.4	23.1 ± 9.0
Cancer	20.6 ± 1.1	19.1 ± 1.2	15.7 ± 3.7	25.1 ± 3.1	24.1 ± 2.1	18.8 ± 6.8
Asthma	8.4 ± 0.5	9.2 ± 0.8	14.3 ± 5.0	7.6 ± 2.0	5.6 ± 1.1	6.5 ± 3.4
Arthritis	45.1 ± 1.2	43.4 ± 1.4	34.7 ± 6.9	44.5 ± 3.4	51.3 ± 2.4	58.8 ± 8.3
Pneumonia	2.9 ± 0.4	2.8 ± 0.4	4.0 ± 3.5	2.4 ± 0.9	3.5 ± 0.7	0.5 ± 0.5
Back pain	24.0 ± 0.9	23.3 ± 1.0	24.8 ± 4.8	25.1 ± 2.8	25.0 ± 2.2	33.6 ± 6.9
Chronic bronchitis	9.4 ± 0.6	8.9 ± 0.9	9.5 ± 4.8	8.9 ± 1.7	10.9 ± 1.5	9.6 ± 5.3
Total medical costs (2010$)^b	7200 ± 270	6100 ± 370	9200 ± 1790	7900 ± 900	9300 ± 650	18,600 ± 4520

Unless otherwise noted, values are expressed as mean ± SEM.
↵a Includes 16 people who had ESRD.
↵b Updated to 2010 dollars by using the medical care component of the Consumer Price Index, rounded to the nearest $100.

Table 2.

Per person and total costs attributable to CKD

CKD Stage	Per Person Costs (95% CI)^a	Estimated Medicare FFS Enrollees, 2008 (n)^b	Total CKD Costs for Medicare FFS Enrollees ($)^c
1	1600 (−900 to 3870)	474,012	0.76 billion
2	1700 (530 to 2840)	2,700,432	4.56 billion
3	3500 (1780 to 4620)	10,726,317	37.18 billion
4	12,700 (6000 to 19,650)	563,787	7.17 billion

Updated to 2010 dollars by using the medical care component of the Consumer Price Index. Each part of the two-part cost models estimated also included controls for age, age-squared, sex, race/ethnicity, education, region of residence, and each of the following comorbid conditions: diabetes, hypertension, cancer, arthritis, pneumonia, back pain, chronic bronchitis, and asthma. CI, confidence interval.
↵a Bootstrapped 95% CIs by using 1000 iterations.
↵b Calculated by using estimates of CKD prevalence for the population age 65 years or older to most closely approximate the Medicare population; prevalence estimated by using 1999–2004 NHANES data applied to 2010 Medicare enrollment data.
↵c Estimates are the product of the per person cost point estimates and the number of enrollees.