Scheme of miR-29a signaling protection against diabetes-induced podocyte injury and renal dysfunction. miR-29a signaling attenuated the promoting effects of hyperglycemia on HDAC4-dependent nephrin deacetylation and ubiquitination and WT-1 integrity loss that accelerated podocyte apoptosis, proteinuria and renal fibrosis. HDAC4 modulation of H3K9 hypoacetylation impeded miR-29a transcription in high glucose-stressed podocytes. Solid and dashed arrow respectively indicates promoting and inhibitory reaction; Ac, acetylation; Ub, ubiquitination. Chun-Liang Lin, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan