Chloride depletion |
gastric losses: vomiting, mechanical drainage, bulimia chloruretic diuretics: bumetanide, chlorothiazide, metolazone, etc. diarrheal states: villous adenoma, congenital chloridorrhea posthypercapneic state dietary chloride deprivation with base loading: chloride-deficient infant formulas gastrocystoplasty cystic fibrosis (high sweat chloride) |
Potassium depletion/mineralocorticoid excess |
primary aldosteronism: adenoma, idiopathic, hyperplasia, renin-responsive, glucocorticoid-suppressible, carcinoma apparent mineralocorticoid excess primary deoxycorticosterone excess: 11β- and 17α-hydroxylase deficiencies drugs: licorice (glycyrrhizic acid) as a confection or flavoring, carbenoxolone Liddle syndrome
secondary aldosteronism adrenal corticosteroid excess: primary, secondary, exogenous severe hypertension: malignant, accelerated, renovascular hemangiopericytoma, nephroblastoma, renal cell carcinoma
Bartter and Gitelman syndromes and their variants laxative abuse, clay ingestion |
Hypercalcemic states |
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Other |
carbenicillin, ampicillin, penicillin bicarbonate ingestion: massive or with renal insufficiency recovery from starvation hypoalbuminemia |