Univariate analyses: inpatient and outpatient utilization per patient-year at riska
| Variable | First 3 Months | After 3 Months | Overall | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hospital Days | Hospitalizations | Outpatient Visits | Hospital Days | Hospitalizations | Outpatient Visits | Hospital Days | Hospitalizations | Outpatient Visits | |
| aResults are given as number of days in the hospital, number of hospitalizations, and number of outpatient visits per patient-year at risk. ESRD, end-stage renal disease; HMO, health maintenance organization; EPO, erythropoietin. | |||||||||
| bP <0.05. | |||||||||
| cP <0.01. | |||||||||
| dP <0.001. | |||||||||
| Overall | 28.3 | 4.3 | 20.5 | 12.9 | 1.9 | 16.1 | 14.9 | 2.2 | 16.6 |
| Age (yr) | |||||||||
| 18 to 44 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 29.0b | 6.2 | 1.8 | 14.4c | 7.0 | 1.9 | 16.8 |
| 45 to 64 | 25.6 | 3.9 | 21.1 | 14.9 | 2.0 | 19.9 | 16.2 | 2.2 | 19.6 |
| 65 to 75 | 36.0 | 4.5 | 16.5 | 17.5 | 2.1 | 13.9 | 20.1 | 2.4 | 15.7 |
| >75 | 39.0 | 6.1 | 15.9 | 9.6 | 1.6 | 9.8 | 14.1 | 2.3 | 11.0 |
| Gender | |||||||||
| female | 31.9 | 4.4 | 19.2 | 14.5 | 2.1 | 14.8 | 16.6 | 2.4 | 15.3 |
| male | 24.0 | 4.2 | 22.1 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 17.9 | 12.4 | 1.9 | 18.6 |
| Race | |||||||||
| Caucasian | 34.6 | 4.9 | 22.0 | 16.7 | 1.8 | 18.1 | 19.6b | 2.3 | 18.8 |
| non-Caucasian | 21.3 | 3.7 | 18.9 | 10.2 | 2.0 | 15.6 | 11.4 | 2.2 | 15.8 |
| Cause of ESRD | |||||||||
| diabetes mellitus | 38.9 | 5.3 | 23.7 | 18.8b | 2.6b | 21.4c | 21.8b | 3.0b | 21.7c |
| non-diabetes mellitus | 22.7 | 3.8 | 18.9 | 10.5 | 1.6 | 13.9 | 12.0 | 1.9 | 14.5 |
| Insurance | |||||||||
| non-HMO | 33.8c | 4.9b | 21.4 | 14.0 | 2.0 | 15.6 | 16.5 | 2.4 | 16.3 |
| HMO | 6.7 | 2.1 | 17.4 | 7.3 | 1.2 | 18.1 | 7.3 | 1.4 | 18.0 |
| First vascular access | |||||||||
| permanent | 22.7b | 4.4 | 17.4b | 12.1 | 2.0 | 15.2 | 13.7 | 2.4 | 15.5 |
| temporary | 41.9 | 5.2 | 24.5 | 14.6 | 1.8 | 15.5 | 16.4 | 2.1 | 16.4 |
| Years of dialysis | |||||||||
| 10/92 to 9/94 | 37.4 | 5.1 | 20.2 | 26.0d | 2.3 | 16.5 | 29.2d | 3.1 | 17.5 |
| 10/94 to 9/96 | 20.1 | 3.2 | 22.8 | 9.3 | 1.6 | 16.4 | 10.4 | 1.8 | 17.0 |
| 10/96 to 12/97 | 25.0 | 4.5 | 17.6 | 11.6 | 2.0 | 15.5 | 12.8 | 2.2 | 15.7 |
| Modality of dialysis | |||||||||
| peritoneal dialysis | 15.5 | 2.5 | 22.6 | 14.2 | 2.5 | 18.3 | 12.3 | 2.5 | 16.0 |
| hemodialysis | 30.7 | 4.7 | 20.1 | 12.6 | 1.7 | 15.3 | 15.8 | 2.1 | 18.7 |
| Timing of referral | |||||||||
| early | 24.4 | 4.2 | 21.1 | 11.9 | 1.9 | 16.1 | 13.6 | 2.2 | 16.8 |
| late | 42.4 | 4.8 | 18.2 | 16.2 | 2.0 | 15.9 | 19.6 | 2.4 | 16.2 |
| Serum albumin (g/dl) | |||||||||
| <3.5 | 36.0b | 4.8 | 20.5 | 16.5b | 2.4b | 16.7 | 19.2b | 2.7b | 17.2 |
| 3.5 and high | 17.6 | 3.9 | 20.7 | 8.7 | 1.3 | 14.9 | 9.8 | 1.6 | 15.6 |
| Hematocrit (%) | |||||||||
| >28 | 28.7 | 4.9 | 19.5 | 13.7 | 2.0 | 17.0 | 15.7 | 2.4 | 17.3 |
| <28 | 28.4 | 3.5 | 22.2 | 11.5 | 1.8 | 14.9 | 13.6 | 2.0 | 15.7 |
| GFR at initiation of dialysis | |||||||||
| >5 ml/min per 1.73 m2 | 31.4 | 4.8 | 21.6 | 14.0 | 2.0 | 16.1 | 16.4 | 2.3 | 16.9 |
| <5 ml/min per 1.73 m2 | 21.0 | 3.2 | 17.6 | 10.6 | 1.6 | 15.4 | 11.9 | 1.8 | 15.6 |
| EPO use | |||||||||
| yes | 22.6 | 3.6 | 16.2b | 14.5 | 1.8 | 15.4 | 15.7 | 2.0 | 15.5 |
| no | 31.7 | 4.7 | 22.9 | 12.3 | 2.0 | 16.4 | 14.7 | 2.3 | 17.2 |
| Ischemic heart disease | |||||||||
| no | 18.4d | 3.7 | 19.6 | 9.1d | 1.5d | 15.9 | 10.2d | 1.8d | 16.5 |
| yes | 46.8 | 5.5 | 21.3 | 23.2 | 2.9 | 16.8 | 27.1 | 3.3 | 17.3 |
| Congestive heart failure | |||||||||
| no | 23.1 | 4.3 | 21.1 | 9.6 | 1.6 | 15.1 | 11.3b | 1.9 | 15.8 |
| yes | 34.2 | 4.3 | 20.3 | 16.6 | 2.3 | 17.3 | 18.9 | 2.5 | 17.7 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | |||||||||
| no | 23.1 | 3.8 | 20.2 | 9.9c | 1.7b | 15.7 | 11.6d | 1.9b | 16.2 |
| yes | 43.2 | 5.7 | 22.3 | 22.9 | 2.1 | 17.6 | 25.9 | 3.1 | 18.3 |
| Hepatic disease | |||||||||
| no | 29.4 | 4.3 | 20.7 | 12.6 | 1.7b | 15.8 | 14.7 | 2.1b | 16.4 |
| yes | 22.0 | 4.7 | 20.8 | 15.6 | 3.1 | 18.5 | 16.7 | 3.4 | 18.8 |