Some mouse models of diabetes studied for diabetic nephropathya
| Mouse Model (Reference No.) | Strains Reported (Reference No.) | DiabeticType | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Streptozotocin (71,81,146,228–232) | C57BL/6J, C57BLKS, Balb/c, ICR, DBA2, ROP | Type 1 | Well established, reproducible timing; may be established in strains both resistant and susceptible to DN | Potential for nonspecific toxicity; strain-dependent dosing necessary; biohazard: potential mutagen |
| Encephalomyocarditis virus D variant (153,233,234) | DBA, Balb-C | Type 1 | May reproduce viral causes of type 1 diabetes in humans; DBA may be prone to DN | Potential for nonspecific renal effects; strain-dependent dosing necessary; biohazard; not widely studied; renal functional effects not characterized |
| Ins2 Akita (84,88,89) | C57BL/6, C3H | Type 1 | Commercially available (JAX); autosomal dominant mutation | Presently only C57BL/6 commercially available; C57BL/6 relatively resistant to nephropathy; hyper-glycemia in females is mild |
| NOD (101,102,235,236) | Inbred line derived from ICR (outbred line) | Type 1 | Spontaneous development of β-cell failure may mimic pathophysiology of disease in humans (99); commercially available | Unpredictable timing of development of diabetes; no appropriate control strain; needs insulin therapy to survive long periods; multigenic-cause diabetes precludes easy intercrosses |
| Db/db (22,134) | C57BL/6, C57BLKS, DBA, FVB (129), CBA (237) | Type 2 | Available on multiple strains; commercially available | Infertile; autosomal recessive; mutation in leptin receptor is a very rare cause of obesity and type 2 diabetes in humans |
| Ob/ob (21) | C57BL/6 (238), FVB/N (238), DBA2 (239,240) | Type 2 | Exists on diverse inbred strains; nephropathy uncharacterized; commercially available | Infertility—can be circumvented with leptin; autosomal recessive; nephropathy uncharacterized; mutation of leptin is a very rare cause of obesity and type 2 diabetes in humans |
| Agouti (Ay) | KK (170,241,242), C57BL (243), C3H (243), FVB (244) | Type 2 | KK strain is susceptible to renal injury with significant albuminuria; autosomal dominant; commercially available | Hyperglycemia moderate in males more than in females; onset of diabetes is not well defined; nephropathy may not be robust in strains other than KK |
| High-fat diet (112) | C57BL/6 is main susceptible strain (245) | Type 2 | Onset can be determined by the investigator | Only C57BL/6 reported as susceptible; hyperglycemia not prominent |
↵a DN, diabetic nephropathy.